Slack Bus And Slack Generator Engineering Essay

The Table below shows input informations of each busbar in the system used to work out the power flow and the simulation consequence harmonizing to direction described in inquiry 1.BusInput Data[ Simulation Result ] BUS 1 plutonium P ( burden ) 100 MW Q ( burden ) 0 Mvar BUS 2 P ( burden ) 200 MW Q ( burden ) 100 Mvar CB of Generation Open BUS 3 1 plutonium P ( Gen ) 200 MW P ( burden ) 100 MW Q ( burden ) 50 Mvar AVR On AGC OffSlack coach and slack generatorIn power flow computation, alone numerical solution can non be calculated without mention electromotive force magnitude and angle due to unequal figure of unknown variables and independent equations. The slack coach is the mention coach where its electromotive force is considered to be fixed voltage magnitude and angle ( 1a? 0A ° ) , so that the assorted electromotive force angle difference among the coachs can be calculated regard. In add-on, the slack generator supplies as much existent power and reactive power as needed for equilibrating the power flow sing power coevals, load demand and losingss in the system while maintain the electromotive force changeless as 1a? 0A ° . In existent power system, when comparatively weak system is linked to the larger system via a individual coach, this coach can stand for the big system with an tantamount generator maintaining the electromotive force changeless and bring forthing any necessary power like sla ck coach. [ 1 ]Bus type ( PQ coach or PV coach )BusBus typeRemarksBUS 2 PQ Bus Generator is disconnected to Bus 2 BUS 3 PV Bus Generator is connected to Bus 3 and the magnitude of electromotive force of generator support invariable by utilizing AVR In general, each coach in the power system can be categorized into three coach types such as Slack Bus, Load ( PQ ) Bus, and Voltage Controlled ( PV ) Bus. The definition and difference between PQ Bus and PV Bus are described as follows ; [ 2 ] PV Bus ( Generator Bus or Voltage Controlled Bus ) : It is a coach at which the magnitude of the coach electromotive force is kept changeless by the generator. Even though the coach has several generators and burden, if any generators connected to the coach modulate the coach electromotive force with AVR, so this coach is referred to PV Bus. For PV coach, the magnitude of the coach electromotive force and existent power supplied to the system are specified, and reactive power and angle of the coach electromotive force are consequently determined. If a preset upper limit and minimal reactive power bound is reached, the reactive end product of the generator remains at the limited values, so the coach can be considered as PQ Bus alternatively of PV Bus. [ 2 ] PQ Bus ( Load Bus ) : It is a coach at which the electromotive force is changed depending on entire net existent power and reactive power of tonss and generators without electromotive force regulator. Therefore, in the power simulation and computation, the existent power and reactive power of the tonss are specified as input informations and consequently the electromotive force ( magnitude and angle ) is calculated based on the above input. The following table specifies input and end product of each coach type in the power system simulation and computation. Bus Type Phosphorus Q ( Magnitude ) I? ( Angle ) PQ Bus Input signal Input signal End product End product PV Bus Input signal End product Input signal End product Slack Bus End product End product Input signal Input signalSystem BalanceEntire Generation & A ; Load DemandBusReal Power ( MW )Fanciful Power ( Mvar )CoevalsLoadCoevalsLoadBUS 1 204.093 100 56.240 0 BUS 2 0 200 0 100 BUS 3 200 100 107.404 50 Entire 404.093 400 163.644 150DifferencePgen – Pdemand = 4.093Qgen – Qstored in burden = 13.644Reason: Real power loss due to opposition of transmittal line and fanciful power storage due to reactance of transmittal line are the grounds for the difference between power coevals and load demand in the system.P ( Losses ) & A ; Q ( Storage ) over the transmittal lineBusReal Power ( MW )Fanciful Power ( Mvar )SendingReceivingLosingssSendingReceivingStoredBUS 1 – Bus 2 102.714 100.650 2.064 56.653 49.773 6.88 BUS 1 – Bus 3 1.379 1.378 0.001 0.4141 ) 0.4131 ) 0.001 BUS 3 – Bus 2 101.378 99.350 2.028 56.990 50.227 6.763 Entire Palestine liberation organizations =4.093Qstored in burden =13.6441 ) Imaginary power flows from Bus 3 to Bus 1. The summing up of existent power losingss and fanciful power storage over the transmittal line are precisely same with entire difference between coevals and burden. Therefore, it is verified that the difference is shown over the transmittal line. ‘Kirchoff ‘ balance as each coach [ 4 ] Bus1 I? P1 = + Pgen1 – Pload1 – P12 – P13 = 204.093 – 100 – 102.714 – 1.379 = 0 I? Q1 = + Qgen1 – Qload1 – Q12 – Q13 = 56.24 – 0 – 56.653 + 0.413 = 0 Bus2 I? P2 = + Pgen2 – Pload2 – P21 – P23 = 0 – 200 + 100.65 + 99.35 = 0 I? Q2 = + Qgen2 – Qload2 – Q21 – Q23 = 0 – 100 + 49.773 + 50.227 = 0 BUS3 I? P3 = + Pgen3 – Pload3 – P31 – P32 = 200 – 100 + 1.378 – 101.378 = 0 I? Q3 = + Qgen3 – Qload3 – Q31 – Q32 = 107.404 – 50 – 0.414 – 56.99 = 0 Harmonizing to the computation supra, as summing up of incoming & A ; surpassing existent power and fanciful power at each coach become zero, it is verified that each busbar obeys a ‘Kirchoff ‘ balance. In add-on, the entire power system is wholly balanced, because entire coevals power ( existent & A ; fanciful ) are equal to summing up of entire load demand and existent power loss & A ; stored fanciful power over the transmittal ( i.e. Pgen – Pdemand = Plosses, Qgen – Qstored in burden = Q stored in system ) as shown above.Voltage Angle and Angle DifferenceAs a consequence of the Powerworld, the electromotive force angle and angle difference are shown in the tabular array below.BusVoltage AngleVoltage Angle DifferenceBUS1 I?1 = 0.00A ° BUS1- BUS2 I?1 – I?2 = 0.00A ° – ( -2.5662A ° ) = 2.5662A ° BUS2 I?2 = -2.5662A ° BUS2- BUS3 I?2 – I?3 = -2.5662A ° – ( -0.043A ° ) = -2.5232A ° BUS3 I?3 = -0.043A ° BUS3- BUS1 I?3 – I?1 = -0.043A ° – 0.00A ° = -0.043A °Power System Analysis -1The tabular array below summarizes coevals and electromotive force angle fluctuation at each coach as coevals at Bus 3 varies from 0 MW to 450 MW by 50MW.Simulation Consequences and ObservationP3 = 0 MW P3 = 50 MW P3 = 100 MW P3 = 150 MW P3 = 250 MW P3 = 300 MW P3 = 350 MW P3 = 400 MW P3 = 450 MW Reactive Power Generation at Bus 3: It is found that reactive power coevals Q3 ( gen ) lessening while existent power coevals P3 ( gen ) addition because Bus 3 as a PV Bus regulates the changeless coach electromotive force magnitude by commanding excitement of the coevals through the AVR. Power Generation at Bus 1: It is found that P1 ( gen ) decreases and Q1 ( gen ) increases at the same time, while P3 ( gen ) additions and Q3 ( gen ) lessening. As the entire load demand in the system keeps changeless ( i.e. Ptotal ( burden ) = 400 MW, Qtotal ( burden ) = 150Mvar ) , any necessary existent power and reactive power for the system balance demand to be supplied by generator ( loose generator ) at Bus 1. Therefore, power coevals P1 ( gen ) and Q1 ( gen ) at Bus 1 alteration reversely compared to power coevals alteration at Bus 3. Voltage Angle Difference: In general, existent power flow is influenced by electromotive force angle difference between directing coach and having coach harmonizing to PR = . Therefore, it is observed that every bit existent power coevals P3 ( gen ) increases existent power flow from Bus 3 to Bus2 addition, consequently voltage angle difference ( I?3 – I?2 ) between Bus 3 and Bus 2 additions. However, lessening in existent power from Bus 1 to Bus 2 due to increase of P3 ( gen ) consequence in lessening of electromotive force angle difference ( I?1 – I?2 ) . In add-on, Real power between Bus 1 and Bus 3 flows from Bus 1 to Bus 3 until P3 ( gen ) range to 200 MW and as P3 ( gen ) addition more than 200 MW the existent power flows from Bus 3 to Bus 1. So, it is besides observed that electromotive force angle difference ( I?3 – I?1 ) is negative angle when P3 ( gen ) is less than 200MW and the difference addition while P3 ( gen ) addition.Power System Analysis -2The tabular array below summarizes the fluctuation of power coevals and electromotive force angle difference at each coach when the burden demand at Bus 3 varies by 50MW and 25Mvar.Simulation Consequences and ObservationP2 = 0 MW Q2 = 0 MW P2 = 50 MW Q2 = 25 MW P2 = 100 MW Q2 = 50 MW P2 = 150 MW Q2 = 75 MW P2 = 250 MW Q2 = 125 MW P2 = 300 MW Q2 = 150 MW P2 = 350 MW Q2 = 175 MW P2 = 400 MW Q2 = 200 MW P2 = 450 MW Q2 = 225 MW Power Generation at Bus 1 and Bus 3: It is observed that as the entire load demand in the system increases due to increase of load demand P2 ( burden ) & A ; Q2 ( burden ) at Bus 2, any necessary existent power for the system balance is supplied by generator ( loose generator ) at Bus 1 sing changeless P3 ( gen ) , so P1 ( gen ) increases. In add-on, any necessary reactive power for the system balance is supplied from Bus 1 every bit good as Bus 3, so both Q1 ( gen ) and Q3 ( gen ) addition. Voltage Angle Difference: It is found that existent power flow addition both from Bus 1 to Bus 2 and from Bus 3 to Bus 2 due to increase of load demand at Bus2. Consequently, both electromotive force angle difference I?1 – I?2 and I?3 – I?2 addition when the power flow P12 and P32 addition. In add-on, when P2 ( burden ) is less than 200 MW, P1gen is comparatively low. Therefore existent power between Bus 3 and Bus 1 flows from Bus 3 to Bus 1 at lower P2 ( burden ) ( less than 200MW ) . On the other manus, while P2 ( burden ) addition more than 200 MW, the existent power flow way alterations ( Bus 1 to Bus 3 ) and the existent power flow additions. Consequently, the electromotive force angle difference I?1 – I?3 alteration from negative to positive and addition. Voltage Magnitude at Bus 2: It is observed that magnitude of coach electromotive force at Bus2 beads due to increase of the load demand at Bus 2.Question 2System Model & A ; Admittance MatrixIn order to build the entree matrix of Powerworld B3 instance, individual stage tantamount circuit can be drawn as below ;omega = R + jx ( r = 0, x = 0.05 )z12 = z21= j0.05 plutonium, y12 = 1/ z12 = 1/j0.05 = -j20 plutonium = y12 z13 = z31= j0.05 plutonium, y13 = 1/ z13 = 1/j0.05 = -j20 plutonium = y31 z23 = z32= j0.05 plutonium, y23 = 1/ z23 = 1/j0.05 = -j20 plutonium = y32 Admittance matrix can be defined as follows ; BUS = Diagonal elements Y ( I, I ) of the entree matrix, called as the self-admittance [ talk slide ] [ 6 ] , are the summing up of all entree connected with BUS I. = y12 + y13 = -j20 – j20 = -j40 plutonium = y21 + y23 = -j20 – j20 = -j40 plutonium = y31 + y32 = -j20 – j20 = -j40 plutonium Off diagonal elements Y ( I, J ) of the entree matrix, called as the common entree [ talk slide ] [ 6 ] , are negative entree between BUS I and BUS J. = – y12 = – ( -j20 ) = j20 plutonium = – y13 = – ( -j20 ) = j20 plutonium = – y21 = – ( -j20 ) = j20 plutonium = – y23 = – ( -j20 ) = j20 plutonium = – y31 = – ( -j20 ) = j20 plutonium = – y32 = – ( -j20 ) = j20 plutonium Therefore, the concluding entree matrix BUS is ; BUS = = The undermentioned figure shows the BUS of the Powerworld B3 instance and it is verified that the deliberate entree matrix is consistent with the consequence of the Powerworld.Power Flow CalculationNodal equation with the entree matrix can be used to cipher electromotive force at each coach if we know all the current ( i.e. entire coevals power and load demand at each BUS ) and eventually the power flow can be calculated consequently. , hence, In this inquiry, nevertheless, simulation consequences of the electromotive force at each coach from the Powerworld are used for the power flow computation as follows ; [ Simulation consequence ]Voltage at each Bus and Voltage DifferenceV1 = 1 a? 0.00A ° plutonium ( BUS1 ) V2 = 1 a? -0.48A ° plutonium ( BUS2 ) V3 = 1 a? 0.48A ° plutonium ( BUS 3 )Voltage difference between BUS 1 and BUS 2V12 = V1 – V2 = 1 a? 0.00A ° – 1 a? -0.48A ° = 3.5 x 10-5 + J 8.38 ten 10-3 = 8.38 ten 10-3 a? 89.76A ° plutonium V21 = V2 – V1 = – V12 = – 3.5 ten 10-5 – J 8.38 ten 10-3 = 8.38 ten 10-3 a? -90.24A ° plutoniumVoltage difference between BUS 3 and BUS 2V32 = V3 – V2 = 1 a? 0.48A ° – 1 a? -0.48A ° = J 16.76 ten 10-3 = 16.76 ten 10-3 a? 90A ° plutonium V23 = V2 – V3 = – V32 = – J 16.76 ten 10-3 = -16,76 x 10-3 a? -90A ° plutoniumVoltage difference between BUS 3 and BUS 1V31 = V3 – V1 = 1 a? 0.48A ° – 1 a? 0.00A ° = – 3.5 ten 10-5 + J 8.38 ten 10-3 = 8.38 ten 10-3 a? 90.24A ° plutonium V13 = V1 – V3 = – V31 = 3.5 ten 10-5 – J 8.38 ten 10-3 = 8.38 ten 10-3 a? -89.76A ° plutoniumLine CurrentCurrent flow from BUS I and BUS J can be calculated by utilizing electromotive force difference and interrelated entree of the line between coachs. [ Iij = yij * ( Vi – Vj ) ]Line current between BUS 1 and BUS 2I12 = y12 x ( V1 – V2 ) = -j20 x 8.38 ten 10-3 a? 89.76A ° = 167.6 ten 10-3 a? -0.24A ° plutonium ( BUS 1 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 2 ) I21 = y21 x ( V2 – V1 ) = -j20 x 8.38 ten 10-3 a? -90.24A ° = 167.6 ten 10-3 a? -180.24A ° plutonium ( BUS 2 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 1 )Line current between BUS 3 and BUS 2I32 = y32 x ( V3 – V2 ) = -j20 x 16.76 ten 10-3 a? 90A ° = 335.2 ten 10-3 a? 0.00A ° plutonium ( BUS 3 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 2 ) I23 = y23 x ( V2 – V3 ) = -j20 x 16.76 ten 10-3 a? -90A ° = 335.2 ten 10-3 a? 180A ° plutonium ( BUS 2 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 3 )Line current between BUS 3 and BUS 1I31 = y31 x ( V3 – V1 ) = -j20 x 8.38 ten 10-3 a? 90.24A ° = 167.6 ten 10-3 a? 0.24A ° plutonium ( BUS 3 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 1 ) I13 = y13 x ( V1 – V3 ) = -j20 x 8.38 ten 10-3 a? -89.76A ° = 167.6 ten 10-3 a? -179.76A ° plutonium ( BUS 1 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 3 )Apparent Power FlowApparent flow from BUS I and BUS J can be calculated by electromotive force at the directing coach and line current. [ Sij = Vi * I*ij ]Apparent Power from BUS 1 to BUS 2S12 = V1* I*12 = 1 a? 0.00A ° ten 167.6 ten 10-3 a? 0.24A ° = 167.6 ten 10-3 a? 0.24A ° = 0.1676 + J 7.02 ten 10-4 plutoniumApparent Power from BUS 2 to BUS 1S21=V2* I*21=1a? -0.48A ° x 167.6 ten 10-3a? 180.24A °=167.6 ten 10-3a? 179.76A ° = -0.1676 + j7.02 x 10-4 plutoniumApparent Power from BUS 3 to BUS 2S32 = V3* I*32 = 1 a? 0.48A ° ten 335.2 ten 10-3 a? 0.00A ° = 335.2 ten 10-3 a? 0.48A ° = 0.3352 + J 2.81 ten 10-3 plutoniumApparent Power from BUS 2 to BUS 3S23=V2* I*23=1 a? -0.48A ° x 335.2 ten 10-3 a? 180A °= 335.2 ten 10-3 a? 179.76A ° = -0.3352 + J 2.81 ten 10-3 plutoniumApparent Power from BUS 3 to BUS 1S31 = V3* I*31 = 1a? 0.48A ° ten 167.6 ten 10-3a? -0.24A ° = 167.6 x 10-3 a? 0.24A ° = 0.1676 + J 7.02 ten 10-4 plutoniumApparent Power from BUS 1 to BUS 3S13=V1* I*13=1a? 0.00A ° x 167.6 ten 10-3a? 179.76A °= 167.6 ten 10-3a? 179.76A ° = -0.1676 + J 7.02 ten 10-4 plutoniumComparison with simulation consequencesThe unit of the above computation consequences is pu value, so in order to compare the consequences with simulation consequences pu value of current and power flow demand to be converted to existent values by utilizing the undermentioned equation sing Sbase = 100MVA and Vline_base = 345kV. [ 3 ] Sactual = Sbase A- Spu = 100 MVA A- Spu Iactual = Ibase A- Ipu = A- Ipu = A- Ipu = 167.3479 A A- IpuCalculation Result and Simulation ResultFlow way & A ; ValueCalculation ConsequenceSimulation ConsequenceBUS 1 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 2|S12| 0.1676 A- 100 = 16.76 MVA 16.67 MVA P12 16.76 MW 16.67 MW Q12 0.0702 Mvar 0.07 Mvar |I12| 0.1676 A- 167.3479 = 28.0475 A 27.89 ABUS 3 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 2|S32| 0.3352 A- 100 = 33.52 MVA 33.33 MVA P32 33.52 MW 33.33 MW Q32 0.281 Mvar 0.28 Mvar |I32| 0.3352 A- 167.3479 = 56.0950 A 55.78 ABUS 3 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 1|S31| 0.1676 A- 100 = 16.76 MVA 16.67 MVA P31 16.76 MW 16.67 MW Q31 0.0702 Mvar 0.07 Mvar |I31| 0.1676 A- 167.3479 = 28.0475 A 27.89 ABUS 2 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 1|S21| 0.1676 A- 100 = 16.76 MVA 16.67 MVA P21 -16.76 MW -16.67 MW Q21 0.0702 Mvar 0.07 Mvar |I21| 0.1676 A- 167.3479 = 28.0475 A 27.89 ABUS 2 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 3|S23| 0.3352 A- 100 = 33.52 MVA 33.33 MVA P23 -33.52 MW -33.33 MW Q23 0.281 Mvar 0.28 Mvar |I23| 0.3352 A- 167.3479 = 56.0950 A 55.78 ABUS 1 a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ BUS 3|S13| 0.1676 A- 100 = 16.76 MVA 16.67 MVA P13 -16.76 MW -16.67 MW Q13 0.0702 Mvar 0.07 Mvar |I13| 0.1676 A- 167.3479 = 28.0475 A 27.89 A It is found that computation consequences of current flow and evident power flows ( i.e. 28.0475 A and 56.0950 A/ 33.52 MVA and 16.76MVA ) are about 0.5 % higher than simulation consequence ( i.e. 27.89 A and 55.78 A / 33.33 MVA and 16.67 MVA ) which can be considered somewhat different. Difference of the electromotive force angle at each coach between computation ( 0.48A ° ) and simulation ( 0.4775A ° ) could be the ground for this minor difference.Question 3Admittance Matrix and Nodal EquationEntree between two coachsy12 = y21 = -j8 plutonium y13 = y31 = -j4 plutonium y14 = y41 = -j2.5 plutonium y23 = y32 = -j4 plutonium y24 = y42 = -j5 plutonium y30 = -j0.8 plutonium ( BUS3-Neutral BUS ) y40 = -j0.8 plutonium ( BUS4-Neutral BUS )Admittance MatrixYbus ( Admittance Matrix ) = Diagonal elements Y ( I, I ) of the entree matrix, called as the self-admittance [ 2 ] [ 4 ] , are the summing up of all entree connected with BUS I. = y12 + y13 + y14 = -j8 -j4 – j2.5 = -j14.5 = y21 + y23 + y24 = -j8 -j4 – j5 = -j17 = y30 + y31 + y32 = -j08 -j4 – j4 = -j8.8 = y40 + y41 + y42 = -j0.8 -j2.5 – j5 = -j8.3 Off diagonal elements Y ( I, J ) of the entree matrix, called as the common entree [ 2 ] [ 4 ] , are negative entree between BUS I and BUS J. = – y12 = – ( -j8 ) = j8 plutonium = – y13 = – ( -j4 ) = j4 plutonium = – y14 = – ( -j2.5 ) = j2.5 plutonium = – y21 = – ( -j8 ) = j8 plutonium = – y23 = – ( -j4 ) = j4 plutonium = – y24 = – ( -j5 ) = j5 plutonium = – y31 = – ( -j4 ) = j4 plutonium = – y32 = – ( -j4 ) = j4 plutonium = – y34 = 0 plutonium = – y41 = – ( -j2.5 ) = j2.5 plutonium = – y42 = – ( -j5 ) = j5 plutonium = – y43 = 0 plutonium Therefore, entree matrix Ybus is as follows ;Ybus = =Power Flow AnalysisPower flow disregarding transmittal line electrical capacityNodal EquationCurrent from the impersonal coach to each coach are given and entree matrix ( Ybus ) is calculated above. Therefore, concluding nodal equation is as follows ; Ibus = Ybus * Vbus a†¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Vbus = Y-1bus * Ibus = Ybus a†¡Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ==Voltage AnalysisVoltage at each coach can be derived from the equation ( Vbus = Y-1bus * Ibus ) and Matlab was used for calculate matrix division. ( Source codification is attached in Appendix-1 ) Vbus == V12 = 0.0034 + J 0.0031 plutonium V13 = -0.0277 – J 0.0257 plutonium V14 = 0.0336 + J 0.0311 plutonium V21 = -0.0034 – J 0.0031 plutonium V23 = -0.0311 – J 0.0288 plutonium V24 = 0.0302 + J 0.0280 plutonium V31 = 0.0277 + J 0.0257 plutonium V32 = 0.0311 + J 0.0288 plutonium V41 = -0.0336 – J 0.0311 plutonium V42 = -0.0302 – J 0.0280 plutoniumCurrent flow in the systemCurrent flow from BUS I and BUS J can be calculated by utilizing electromotive force difference and interrelated entree of the line between coachs. [ Iij = yij * ( Vi – Vj ) ] The computation consequence from Matlab is as follows ; I12 = 0.0249 – J 0.0269 plutonium I13 = -0.1026 + J 0.1108 plutonium I14 = 0.0777 – J 0.0840 plutonium I21 = -0.0249 + J 0.0269 plutonium I23 = -0.1151 + J 0.1243 plutonium I24 = 0.1399 – J 0.1511 I31 = 0.1026 – J 0.1108 plutonium I32 = 0.1151 – J 0.1243 plutonium I34 = 0 plutonium I41 = -0.0777 + J 0.0840 plutonium I42 = -0.1399 + J 0.1511 plutonium I43 = 0 plutoniumPower flow in the systemApparent flow from BUS I and BUS J can be calculated by electromotive force at the directing coach and line current. [ Sij ( plutonium ) = Vi * I*ij = Pij + jQij ] The computation consequence from Matlab is as follows ; S12 = 0.0311 + J 0.0175 plutonium S13 = -0.1283 – J 0.0723 plutonium S14 = 0.0972 + J 0.0548 plutonium S21 = -0.0311 – J 0.0174 plutonium S23 = -0.1438 – J 0.0803 plutonium S24 = 0.1749 + J 0.0977 plutonium S31 = 0.1283 + J 0.0780 plutonium S32 = 0.1438 + J 0.0875 plutonium S34 = 0 plutonium S41 = -0.0972 – J 0.0496 plutonium S42 = -0.1749 – J 0.0892 plutonium S44 = 0 plutoniumAdmittance Matrix sing transmittal line electrical capacityHarmonizing to the direction of the Question 3, power system theoretical account can be drawn by utilizing Iˆ tantamount circuit of the lines with capacitive shunt entree ( yc ) of 0.1 plutonium at each side as shown below.Admittance MatrixContrary to tantamount theoretical account in Question 3-1, the current flow through the capacitance in the transmittal line needs to be considered to happen the entree matrix. Therefore, sing the capacitances the current equation with Kirchhoff ‘s current jurisprudence at each coach is as follows ; [ 2 ] [ 5 ] Bus 1: I1 = I12 + I13 + I14 + Ic12 + Ic13 + Ic14 I1 = y12 ( V1-V2 ) + y13 ( V1-V3 ) + y14 ( V1-V4 ) + yc12V1 + yc13V1 + yc14V1 Bus 2: I2 = I21 + I23 + I24 + Ic21 + Ic23 + Ic24 I2 = y21 ( V2-V1 ) + y23 ( V2-V3 ) + y24 ( V2-V4 ) + yc21V2 + yc23V2 + yc24V2 Bus 3: I3 = I30 + I31 + I32 + Ic31 + Ic32 I3 = y30V3 + y31 ( V3-V1 ) + y32 ( V3-V2 ) + yc31V3 + yc32V3 Bus 4: I4 = I40 + I41 + I42 + Ic41 + Ic42 I4 = y40V4 + y41 ( V4-V1 ) + y42 ( V4-V2 ) + yc41V4 + yc42V4 Equation above can be rearranged to divide and group single merchandises by electromotive force. Bus 1: I1 = ( y12 + y13 + y14 + yc12 + yc13+ yc14 ) V1 – y12V2 – y13V3 – y14V4 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 + Y13V3 + Y14V4 Bus 2: I2 = ( y21 + y23 + y24 + yc21 + yc23+ yc24 ) V2- y21V1 – y23V3 – y24V4 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 + Y23V3 + Y24V4 Bus 3: I3 = ( y30 + y31 + y32 + yc31+ yc32 ) V3 – y31V1 – y32V2 = Y31V1 + Y32V2 + Y33V3 + Y34V4 Bus 4: I4 = ( y40 + y41 + y42 + yc41+ yc42 ) V4 – y41V1 – y42V2 = Y41V1 + Y42V2 + Y43V3 + Y44V4 Finally, Diagonal elements Y ( I, I ) and off diagonal elements Y ( I, J ) of the entree matrix are calculated as follows ; = y12 + y13 + y14 + yc12 + yc13+ yc14 = -j8 -j4 – j2.5 + j0.1 + j0.1 +0.1j = -j14.2 plutonium = y21 + y23 + y24 + yc21 + yc23+ yc24 = -j8 -j4 – j5 + j0.1 + j0.1 +0.1j = -j16.7 plutonium = y30 + y31 + y32 + yc31+ yc32 = -j08 -j4 – j4 + j0.1 +0.1j = -j8.6 plutonium = y40 + y41 + y42 + yc41+ yc42 = -j0.8 -j2.5 – j5 + j0.1 +0.1j = -j8.1 plutonium = – y12 = – ( -j8 ) = j8 plutonium = – y13 = – ( -j4 ) = j4 plutonium = – y14 = – ( -j2.5 ) = j2.5 plutonium = – y21 = – ( -j8 ) = j8 plutonium = – y23 = – ( -j4 ) = j4 plutonium = – y24 = – ( -j5 ) = j5 plutonium = – y31 = – ( -j4 ) = j4 plutonium = – y32 = – ( -j4 ) = j4 plutonium = – y34 = 0 plutonium = – y41 = – ( -j2.5 ) = j2.5 plutonium = – y42 = – ( -j5 ) = j5 plutonium = – y43 = 0 plutonium Therefore, entree matrix Ybus is as follows ;Ybus = =Annex-1: Matlab beginning codification and Calculation consequences with MatlabMatlab Source Code% define ego entree and common entree by utilizing admittace between % the coachs ( y12=y21=-j8, y13=y31=-j4, y14=y41=-j2.5, y23=y32=-j4, % y24=y42=-j5, y34=0, y43=0, y30=-j0.8, y40=-j0.8 y12=-8i ; y21=-8i ; y13=-4i ; y31=-4i ; y14=-2.5i ; y41=-2.5i ; y23=-4i ; y32=-4i ; y24=-5i ; y42=-5i ; y34=0 ; y43=0 ; y30=-0.8i ; y40=-0.8i ; Y11=-8i-4i-2.5i ; Y12=8i ; Y13=4i ; Y14=2.5i ; Y21=8i ; Y22=-8i-4i-5i ; Y23=4i ; Y24=5i ; Y31=4i ; Y32=4i ; Y33=-0.8i-4i-4i ; Y34=0 ; Y41=2.5i ; Y42=5i ; Y43=0 ; Y44=-5i-2.5i-0.8i ; % Bus 3 and Bus 4 is non connected, so admittance Y34 and Y43 are equal to zero % define the 4Ãâ€"4 entree matrix ( Ybus ) Ybus= [ Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 ; Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 ; Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 ; Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 ] ; % In order to specify the nodal equation ( I = Ybus*V ) , the given I needs to specify. i1=0 ; i2=0 ; i3=-i ; i4=-0.4808-0.4808i ; Ibus= [ i1 ; i2 ; i3 ; i4 ] ; % Each coach electromotive force can be calculated by utilizing matrix division ( V= YbusI ) Vbus=YbusIbus ; v1=Vbus ( 1,1 ) ; v2=Vbus ( 2,1 ) ; v3=Vbus ( 3,1 ) ; v4=Vbus ( 4,1 ) ; % Calculate electromotive force difference between coachs v12=v1-v2 ; v13=v1-v3 ; v14=v1-v4 ; v21=v2-v1 ; v23=v2-v3 ; v24=v2-v4 ; v31=v3-v1 ; v32=v3-v2 ; v34=v3-v4 ; v41=v4-v1 ; v42=v4-v2 ; v43=v4-v3 ; % current flow between coachs can be calculated by i12 = y12* ( v1-v2 ) i12=y12*v12 ; i13=y13*v13 ; i14=y14*v14 ; i21=y21*v21 ; i23=y23*v23 ; i24=y24*v24 ; i31=y31*v31 ; i32=y32*v32 ; i34=y34*v34 ; i41=y41*v41 ; i42=y42*v42 ; i43=y43*v43 ; % evident power can be calculated by s12 = v1 * conj ( i12 ) s12=v1*conj ( i12 ) ; s13=v1*conj ( i13 ) ; s14=v1*conj ( i14 ) ; s21=v2*conj ( i21 ) ; s23=v2*conj ( i23 ) ; s24=v2*conj ( i24 ) ; s31=v3*conj ( i31 ) ; s32=v3*conj ( i32 ) ; s34=v3*conj ( i34 ) ; s41=v4*conj ( i41 ) ; s42=v4*conj ( i42 ) ; s43=v4*conj ( i43 ) ; % Real power and Reactive power can be derived by following p12=real ( s12 ) ; p13=real ( s13 ) ; p14=real ( s14 ) ; q12=imag ( s12 ) ; q13=imag ( s13 ) ; q14=imag ( s14 ) ; p21=real ( s21 ) ; p23=real ( s23 ) ; p24=real ( s24 ) ; q21=imag ( s21 ) ; q23=imag ( s23 ) ; q24=imag ( s24 ) ; p31=real ( s31 ) ; p32=real ( s32 ) ; p34=real ( s34 ) ; q31=imag ( s31 ) ; q32=real ( s32 ) ; q34=imag ( s34 ) ; p41=real ( s41 ) ; p42=real ( s42 ) ; p43=real ( s43 ) ; q41=imag ( s41 ) ; q42=real ( s42 ) ; q43=imag ( s43 ) ; % terminalMatlab Calculation Results

Beware of Whom

Beware of Whom Beware of Whom Beware of Whom By Maeve Maddox I just read a mystery by Sue Grafton in which her character Kinsey Millhone mentally corrects a maid who responds to her phone call by asking Who may I say is calling? The Millhone character thinks Whom, sweetheart, Whom shall I say is calling This passage illustrates the fact that even an excellent writer can have trouble with when to use who and when to use whom. In this case, the maid was right and the detective was wrong. If you want to know why, read on. Like most pronouns, who has two forms: a subject form, who, and an object form, whom. To understand the use of pronoun pairs such as who/whom, he/him, she/her, I/me, they/them, and we/us when used with a verb, one must recognize whether the word is being used as the subject of the verb or as its object. Every verb has a subject. The subject is the doer of an action: I sing. We shop in town. Who knows the secret? Some verbs have objects. The object receives the action: The ball hit me. Dont forget us. Whom do you like best? Most of the time we have little trouble recognizing subject and verb because the subject usually comes before the verb and the object comes after it. The difficulty with who/whom arises from the fact that in a question, word order is reversed. We say Where are you going? and not You are going where?, Whom do you like best? and not You do like whom best? Things get really sticky when a sentence contains more than one clause (i.e., more than one set of subject and verb). The maids response is made up of two clauses. That is, it has two verbs: shall say and is calling. The subject of shall say is I. The subject of is calling is who. The clauses can be constructed in various ways: Who is calling, shall I say? Shall I say who is calling? Who shall I say is calling? The irony of Graftons criticism of the maids use of who is that elsewhere in the novel, Millhone doesnt always use whom when it would be appropriate. Conclusion The use of whom as the object form of who is on its way out of the language. More and more educated speakers and writers use who as both subject and object. There doesnt seem to be any reason not to. Who do you want? has become acceptable. Indeed, to the American ear, Whom do you want? sounds excessively proper. Personally, I like to observe the difference between who and whom in my writing, but I rarely do in speaking. Whatever you do, dont use whom as a subject! Ive seen it done, further proof that this particular point of grammar has lost its significance. If you arent sure whether to use who or whom, go with who. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesAt Your Disposal

Good and Bad Stress Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Good and Bad Stress Final - Research Paper Example Professions related to criminal justice are enlisted among the most stressful professions. This is partly because the nature of job exposes the ones involved to all kinds of social and psychological stressors. However, stress in the professions of criminal justice differs from the stress encountered by people in other professions in that the effects of stress don’t show up immediately. In a vast majority of cases, the stress is post-traumatic in type. The highest mean scores of the stressors are experienced by the officers who have been six and ten years of experience in the profession of criminal justice. (Violanti & Aron, 1995). This paper explores the good and bad stresses in the profession of criminal justice. Sleye (1975) has identified two kinds of stress; good stress and bad stress. Good stress is also known as eustress while another name for bad stress is distress. One of the most fundamental traits that makes the good stress experienced by officers in all professions of criminal justice in general and in police in particular different from the good stress experienced by other professionals is that in criminal justice area, it is as bad or even worse as compared to the bad stress. This is because of the fact that the people belonging to the professions of criminal justice are authorized and empowered to provide people with justice. With power comes responsibility. This is the reason why people get higher salaries and more benefits in the professions of criminal justice. However, the same benefits and luxuries associated with these professions sometimes cause huge burden upon one’s conscience if one is not satisfied with one’s performance. â€Å"High points in life can t urn into disasters. You feel guilty, you party, you spend, you gamble, you drink, you go into more debt, and these are the times when you start looking to fool around† (O’Connor, 2010). Bad stress in the criminal justice professions occurs because of several reasons which

Comparison of equity and common law in the field of breach of a Essay

Comparison of equity and common law in the field of breach of a fiduciary duty in a trust - Essay Example In "Junior books v Veitchi (1983) 1 AC 520" recovery of economic loss was imposed as liability. And the elements for constituting negligence such as (a) A duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff (b) A bleach of that duty by the defendant (c) consequential damage suffered by the plaintiff (d) Such damages caused by the bleach are formulated. (Peter de Cruz 320) Equity is the Creation of Courts, it is innovative and it provides various quick remedies such as injunction, rescission, rectification and specific performance. Thus equity is not a separate law but it a supplement to the common law. Discretionary is common feature of equitable remedies. Equity has wider scope than the common law. The common law does not look into the conduct of the parties what is required is the claim has to proved. Once the claim is proved the damages are awarded. The common remedy in common law is awarding of damages. In Common law the courts have limited discretionary functions compared to law of equity. (Terence Ingaman 442) Common Law and equity is distinguished on concept of jurisdiction such as "Equitable property interest", "fiduciary obligation", "Unconsciousness" and "Proprietary remedies", which are the distinct concepts developed by the courts of chancery. 1. Equitable Property Interest. Where the interest in the property is vested under the law of equity such as interest in trust property, the interest of the beneficiary over the property in trust is enforceable not only against the trustee but also against the third party who acquires such property. Therefore the beneficiary interest is conceived as proprietary. The beneficiary is at liberty to convert the beneficial interest into the absolute ownership interest at any point of time. Where the interest in the property is vested under the Common law such as through transfer of property, the interest is absolute and the person can exercise such rights over the property for his sole lawful benefits. Where as in equity a trustee with equitable property right exercise his rights over the property for the benefit of the beneficiary and cannot exercised for his benefit. (Peter Cane 187) 2. Unconscionable Conduct: Chancery courts are conscience. As discussed in earlier topic the liability under the common law is strict liability caused due to reasonable misconduct or tortuous act. The Chancery courts under the law of equity are liberal in granting the remedies extending to suspected conduct. Unconscionable act is related to the strict liability to fiduciary and the negligence is to the strict liability in tort. The common law provides remedies to those subjected to harm due to negligence of others where as the law of equity stretches further and provides the relief against the unfair advantage taken by the others. (Peter Cane 191) 3. Fiduciary obligations: Fiduciary obligations are created in trust. The fiduciary in relation to the trust property must act for the benefit of the beneficiary but not for the benefit

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Recycling - Research Paper Example s a man makes impact on his personal and family lives at present, and threatens future life of his next generations, who will not be able to live the same life as this man does. To prevent such results, the concept of sustainable development emerged. This concept became popular in the 80-es of 20th century. The main idea of it is that a man should live in such a way, so that he will not prevent his future generations to live at least in the same way, as he does (Bartlett 2012). Some of the principles of sustainable development state, that a man should be careful with using resources, and should not just spend them irretrievably. It became important to find new methods to compensate and displace the used resources to preserve ecological system. The idea to process the waste products and use them as secondary materials became very popular among the supporters of the sustainable development concept. Thus, recycling became one of the instruments for communities how to get to the sustaina ble development path. Recycling is a process of reusing waste products and garbage or retrieving them back into operation. This process is considered to be one of the methods to restore all the waste generated (Tam 2006) The importance of recycling today is significant and is of global value. Recycling helps to solve ecological and resource-saving problems. First of all, the resources on the Earth are limited and cannot be compensated as fast as they are being used (some of them require the time of life of several generations). Then, when waste is thrown into environment, it usually becomes its pollutant. It takes several centuries for some materials to decay in natural environment. Besides, product waste and other products, the useful life of which is over, are usually (but not always) a cheaper source of materials than natural sources. Using secondary material resources can save the costs for waste utilization, new resource purchase, transport and labour costs etc. New jobs for

Population of China and Gender Imbalance Essay Example for Free

Population of China and Gender Imbalance Essay Chinas one child policy was established by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1979 to limit Chinas population growth. It was designated as a temporary measure, to limit couples to just one child. Those who fail to follow the law are subjected to fines, pressures to do abortion, and forced sterilization. In 1979, the Chinese government embarked on an ambitious program of market reform following the stagnation of the economy after the Cultural Revolution. At the time, China was home to a quarter of the worlds people, who were occupying just 7 percent of worlds arable land. Two thirds of the population was under the age of 30 years, and the baby boomers of the 1950s and 1960s were entering their reproductive years. The government saw strict population containment as essential to economic reform and to an improvement in living standards. So the one-child family policy was introduced. The policy consists of a set of regulations governing the approved size of Chinese families. These regulations include restrictions on family size, late marriage and childbearing, and the spacing of children (in cases in which second children are permitted). The State Family Planning Bureau sets the overall targets and policy direction. Family-planning committees at provincial and county levels devise local strategies for implementation. Despite its name, the one-child rule applies to a minority of the population; for urban residents and government employees, the policy is strictly enforced, with few exceptions. The exceptions include families in which the first child has a disability or both parents work in high-risk occupations (such as mining) or are themselves from one-child families (in some areas). The policy has been estimated to have reduced population growth in the country of 1. 3 billion by as much as 300 million people over its first twenty years of existence. However, this rule has caused a bias against female infants; abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide have been known to occur to female infants. The use of IUDs, sterilization, and abortion are Chinas most popular forms of birth control. However, over the past few years, China has provided more education and support for alternative birth control methods. This shift in focus on implementing this family planning policy was partly in reaction to what happened in 2007 when there were reports that in the southwestern Guangxi Autonomous Region of China, officials were forcing pregnant women without permission to give birth to have abortions and levying steep fines on families violating the law. As a result, riots broke out and some population control officials may have been killed. The result of such family planning policy has resulted in the disparate ratio of 114 males for every 100 females among babies from birth through children four years of age. Normally, 105 males are naturally born for every 100 females. When the Chinese government introduced the policy in 1979 to alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems in China, authorities claim that the policy has prevented 250 million births from its implementation to 2000. However, the policy is controversial both within and outside China because of the manner in which the policy has been implemented, and because of concerns about negative economic and social consequences. The policy has been implicated in an increase in of forced abortions and female infanticide, and has been suggested as a possible cause behind Chinas significant gender imbalance. Despite these negative reports, favorable feedback from this policy is heard from the families themselves. Since the introduction of the one-child policy, the total fertility rate in China has fallen from over two births per woman to approximately 1. 7 births today. In total, China estimates that it has three to four hundred million fewer people today, with the one-child policy, than it would have had otherwise. The reduction in the fertility rate and thus population growth has reduced the severity of problems that come with overpopulation, like epidemics, slums, overwhelmed social services (such as health, education, law enforcement), and strain on the ecosystem from abuse of fertile land and production of high volumes of waste. Another favorable feedback as a result of this policy is that it is reported that the focus of China on population control helps provide a better health service for women and a reduction in the risks of death and injury associated with pregnancy. Increased involvement of women in the labor force is also another positive feedback. Women have traditionally been the primary caregivers for children; however, with fewer children, they have more time to invest in their careers, increasing both their personal earnings and the national GDP. Another feedback that appeals to environmentalists is that, with the policy, there is decreased environmental impact. Chinas one child policy has the indirect consequence of reducing Chinas total ecological footprint and thus reducing strain on ecological resources. Despite these successes, however, the one-child only policy draws criticisms from many quarters. First, the one-child policy has been criticized by human rights advocacy groups and Western religious groups, including some evangelical Christians, as well as by pro-life advocates. Within China, criticism tends to be focused on potential social problems caused by the policy. A second type of criticism has come from those who acknowledge the challenges stemming from Chinas high population growth but believe that less intrusive options could have achieved the same results over an extended period of time. One very important concern was the human rights factor. The one-child policy is challenged in principle and in practice over violating basic human rights. Reported abuses in its enforcement include bribery, coercion, forced sterilization, forced abortion, and possibly infanticide. Even though in 2002, China outlawed the use of physical force to make a woman submit to an abortion or sterilization, it is not entirely enforced. In the execution of the policy many local governments still demand abortions if the pregnancy violates local regulations. Some critics also point to the possible economic and emotional costs the policy may bring to the people. As the one-child policy begins to near its next generation, one adult child is left with having to provide support for his or her two parents and four grandparents. This leaves the older generation with more of a dependency on retirement funds or charity, rather than their children in order to have support. If a child cannot care for their parents and grandparents, or if that child cannot survive, the oldest generation could find itself destitute. Another social problem seen is when some parents may over-indulge their only-child. The media referred to the indulged children in one-child families as little emperors. Since the 1990s, some people worry this will result in a higher tendency toward poor social communication and cooperation skills among the new generation, as they have no siblings at home. One important focus among sociologists is the issue of gender imbalance. China, like many other Asian countries, has a long tradition of son preference. Many argue that the one-child policy induces many families to use selective abortion, abandon female infants, and even kill female infants under the influence of the son preference. Some families even kill or starve the female infant and then try again for a male child. The commonly accepted explanation for son preference is that sons in rural families may be thought to be more helpful in farm work. Sons are preferred as they provide the primary financial support for the parents in their retirement, and a sons parents typically are better cared for than his wifes. In addition, Chinese traditionally view that daughters, on their marriage, become primarily part of the grooms family. Becaue of this gender bias the sex ratio at birth (between male and female births) in mainland China reached 117:100 in the year 2000, substantially higher than the natural baseline, which ranges between 103:100 and 107:100. It had risen from 108:100 in 1981 at the boundary of the natural baseline to 111:100 in 1990. According to a report by the State Population and Family Planning Commission, there will be 30 million more men than women in 2020, potentially leading to social instability. The correlation between the increase of sex ratio disparity on birth and the deployment of one child policy would appear to have been caused by the one-child policy.

The Rise Of Facebook In Vietnam Media Essay

The Rise Of Facebook In Vietnam Media Essay Reading Public Relations at university, I am always fascinated by the art of communicating with and persuading people. Being a heavy user of Facebook, I am amazed how the social network since its birth has brought about so many changes to the ways people share and communicate. This research paper is my attempt to investigate the marketing communications role of Facebook in my home country, Vietnam. A survey targeting at 100 Vietnamese internet users and interviews with two industry experts were conducted and analysed. I was able to sit in the positions of both users and marketers to view the issue. Findings showed that Facebook marketing communications in Vietnam is currently at its young age however has had a very interesting journey of development. The young internet community and marketing practitioners in Vietnam love Facebook. Nevertheless, that is not enough to secure future success; the social network has to do much more in order to increase its digital influence in a highly competitive market. Chapter 1: Introduction Overview There have been a number of studies on effects of social media on marketing communications, a few of which have a specific investigation on the social network giant Facebook. However, most of those only focus on cases in the West where the emergence of social media first happened and most of the marketing trends originate. I am thus keen on doing a research on how social networks and Facebook specifically have found its ways and been used as a marketing communications tool in the other side of the world. Vietnam is one of the fastest growing internet populations worldwide with around 30 million users, making up a third of the total population. The Facebook block issue which caused difficulties logging in the site starting since late 2009 has not made this social network less attractive in Vietnamese users perspectives. Facebook marketing and communications in Vietnam moreover enjoys a boom when agencies have increasingly appreciated the power of the site in influencing audiences. This research paper attempts to study the nature of this development and its roles to marketing communications in the eyes of both users and marketers. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the current performance and future potential of Facebook as a marketing communications tool in Vietnam. It is hence important to determine profiles of Vietnamese Facebook users and their behaviours towards the social network. Opinions of industry experts on how effective Facebook is and will be to approach and persuade audiences are also essential. Key areas of investigation include: What is the current place of Facebook in the Vietnam social web market? What is happening to Facebook in Vietnam? Is this really blocked? Who use Facebook most in Vietnam? How do they interact with the site? What are their concerns when using Facebook? How reliable Facebook content is compared to other media platforms? How effective is Facebook in terms of marketing communications in Vietnam? What is the future of Facebook marketing in the country? The study is in general to provide an insight of Facebooks performance in Vietnam, focusing on its marketing roles. It specifically aimed to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the social network as a growing marketing communications tool in this emerging economy. 1.3 Background The internet in Vietnam has had a fascinating journey of development, in opinion of Thomas Crampton, Asia-Pacific Director of Ogilvy 360Â ° Digital Influence. He believes that the rapid growth of the internet in Vietnam receives support of three main factors including a developing nation, young population and the Government (Vietnam News, 2010). In terms of statistics, a research in 2010 by TNS, one of the worlds biggest market research groups, showed that 45% of Vietnamese are highly engaged in digital activities. The countrys figure is ranked fifth in Asia-Pacific area and slightly higher than the United Kingdom (43%) and the United States (42%). According to the same source of statistics, Vietnam is known as one of the youngest internet populations worldwide with the average age of 27. Another significant feature of the internet in Vietnam is its growing mobility. Again, statistics proved it best when showing that Mobile internet in Vietnam saw a growth of more than 800 per cent last year, reaching a total of 110 million mobile subscribers in early 2010 (Vietnam News, 2010). All of these somehow draw an overall picture of Vietnams internet environment with a young, mobile-going and highly-digital community. Social Media in Vietnam Like the development of the internet, Vietnam social media has witnessed dramatic growth since its first day in the country. Social network usage increased significantly from 4% in 2009 to 64% in 2010 (Crampton, 2010). Social networking was ranked as the most important digital activity by 25% of Vietnamese internet users, just behind Emailing which was ranked first by 27% of the research participants (TNS, 2011). The social web market in Vietnam marked its first turning point in 2005 with the launch of Yahoo!360, a blogging tool which allows users to compose their writings, customise screens and socialise with friends. Before the emergence of Yahoo!360, the social web environment in Vietnam relied on a few dominant platforms. Yahoo dominated the instant messaging and emailing sectors while its searching function was relatively popular together with Google. Community pages varied when users tended to participate in their online local community such as school forums rather than a particular national-scale page. A similar situation happened to video/music-sharing sites when several providers shared the popularity. After Yahoo!360 came, it ruled the social media world in the country, possibly with the support of Yahoos early dominance in Vietnam internet services. Millions of Vietnamese enjoyed writing about their daily lives and gossiping celebrity news. They gradually created a mass online comm unity and a unique blogging style called Yahoo!360. It was not a tool specifically designed for Vietnam market, but the market took it anyway, with great passion and enthusiasm. (Nguyen, Ogilvy 360Â ° Digital Influence, 2010) Only people from Mars dont know about Yahoo, said Hoang An, 21, one of countless fans of the portal, which has one of the countrys most potent brands. (Russell, Asian Correspondent, 2010). The next turning point happening to the Vietnam social web community was in 2009. Yahoo!360 dominated social media in Vietnam however did not work well in other countries. The blogging tool failed to serve global customers, forcing Yahoo! global to close the service. The firm gave warnings about the closure several times since early 2009; however Yahoo Vietnam has seen a mix of trying to maintain the operation and investment versus tempting to close it down (Nguyen, 2010). The reason was as clear as the brand has achieved such a significant success in the country. Yahoo!360 users or in this case a majority of the Vietnam web community were strongly against this decision. Nevertheless, their efforts could not help prevent the closure of the site in 2010. Yahoo! Vietnam not long after that launched a local blogging service targeted specifically at Vietnam market called Yahoo!360 Plus. However, the replacement has not achieved such extreme success like its original version did. Since th en, the market has witnessed the emergence of a number of social media, both domestic and international brands. Facebook in Vietnam The number of Facebook Vietnamese users has reached more than 1.5 million in early 2011 (Social Bakers, 2011). The figure in 2009 was around 40,000 and impressively doubled in 2010. Facebook estimated a number of 1.9 million Vietnamese users in 2011. The social network has a Vietnamese-language version along with its English site; users thus have a choice of the language they want for their own pages. However, language has never been a problem preventing the popularity of social media in general and Facebook especially in Vietnam. English was the only language used in many social media tools; however, what really matters is that users can always propose their own content in Vietnamese or any other languages. Facebook is furthermore an international social network thus designed to reach international users. Chapter 2: Literature Review When researching the performance of Facebook as a marketing communications tool in Vietnam, I came across a number of concepts and facts which help build a better understanding of the topic. In this chapter, I will then explore these concepts and their relations to the study of marketing communications on Facebook Vietnam. They include the growing roles of social media in general and Facebook especially to marketing communications, the place of Facebook in comparison to its competitors and the internet censorship issue in the country. 2.1 Marketing Communications to Social Media and Facebook There are a variety of definitions of the term social media. Social media guru Larry Weber in his book Marketing to the Social Web suggested that The social web is an online place where people with common interest can gather to share thoughts, comments, and opinions. It includes social networks such as MySpace, Gather, and Facebook [] and branded web destinations like Amazon, Netflix and eBay. In summary, it is a new world of unpaid media created by individuals or enterprises on the web. (Weber, 2009: 4) Looking at another source, Brian Solis and Deirdre Breakenridge (2009: xvii) defined social media as the democratisation of content and the shift in the role people play in the process of reading and disseminating information. In general, definitions slightly vary but all feature social media as new media platforms whose content is created on the web and by internet users. The term marketing communications meanwhile is widely agreed to consists of the promotional activities pursued by the firm and includes personal selling, mass selling, (comprising advertising and publicity), public relations and sales promotions (Monye, 2000: 11). It is the process of interacting with audiences or customers in a way that promotes a favourable brand image and helps build goodwill. Putting social media and marketing communications together, it then results in the concept of a new communications tool which is based on strengths of social web. Zarrella in The Social Media Marketing Book believes that the best way to define the term is to compare it with marketing on traditional media (including television, newspapers, radio and magazines). The author describes these traditional media as one-way static broadcast technologies while social media with new web technologies have made it easy for anyone to create and, most importantly to distribute their own content (Zarrella, 2010: 2-3). Marketing on the social web hence does not require huge sums of money to embed their messages but can make their own interesting content that viewers will flock to (Zarrella, 2010: 3). Supporting the idea of this growing power, Larry Weber believes that the social web has transmitted the way we do marketing: Rather talking at customers, marketers should talk with them. And the social web is the most effective way in the history of the world to do just that on a large scale. (Weber, 2009: 4) Among a number of different social media platforms, social network giant Facebook indeed makes up to the word giant. The review will focus on the marketing communications role of Facebook, which also seems to be one of the sites most significant social influences. The Facebook Marketing Book has a comprehensive summary of various marketing tactics Facebook. According to this, key strengths that make Facebook an effective marketing communications tool lie at its larger audience than old media and huge amount of personal information which has been volunteered by users to give the site then therefore advertisers (Zarrella, 2011: 3). From big brands to small businesses, anyone is able to use Facebook adverts, applications, and pages to communicate directly with audiences and leverage their brand image. It is suggested that the diversity of Facebook applications, from messaging and photo sharing to gaming, is beneficial to not only users but also marketers. Marketing people now have more platforms to engage with customers and carry out new effective strategies. For example, a Facebook Profile could make huge contribution as it represents how people share things with their large and very connected group of social connections. 500 million profiles on Facebook hence become precious sources of data for marketers to get use of: In fact, this is Facebooks biggest selling point: the site actively encourages users to fill their Profile with the type of information marketers are always trying to find all for free. (Zarrella, 2010: 33) Facebook Pages, Groups and Events are also believed to be the key to most social media strategies and will more than likely be the central point for most of marketers efforts and promotions. The popularity and importance of creating and monitoring Facebook page was emphasised as users nowadays look at the site much the way we look at the internet 10 years ago and are confused when they cannot find their favourite store or celebrity (Zarrella, 2010: 65). In terms of statistics, each of 500 million users on Facebook is connected to 60 Pages, Groups and Events on average. Overall, Facebook is considered as a highly competitive and fast-moving channel but amazingly cost effective, which if used properly can be an extension of your brand, helping you present the same personality, tone and visual faces as you would in any other materials (Zarrella, 2011: 7). 2.2 Marketing Communications on Vietnam Social Media The phenomenon of Yahoo!360 blog in Vietnam resulted in the emergence of influencers who are called hot bloggers in Vietnam. Their blogs attracted several millions of page views at the time and many of them are journalists. The social media expert in her article described these hot bloggers as whom PR departments in various agencies incorporated into clients marketing communications and PR activities (Nguyen, 2010). In general, it could be said that from the very early day when social media marked its appearance in Vietnam, PR and marketing have already been strongly involved in and taken advantage of the social web. The social web environment in Vietnam after the age of Yahoo!360 has seen a rapid and diverse development, when a number of both local and international companies have joined the market. None of them seem to have made a phenomenon like what Yahoo!360 did; however more social media platforms are getting popular. Among those, social networks have especially marked a significant growth in the country: Those who like local social networks became members of Yume, ZingMe, Tamtay, i-pro, Henantrua, Vietspace, etc., while others who like foreign networks joined Multiply, WordPress, Yahoo Plus, Twitter, etc. However, none rules the market (Vietnamnet, 2010). The top influential social media sites in Vietnam was recently summarised in the below chart by the Ogilvy 360Â ° Digital Influence team. Figure 3.1: The landscape of Vietnam Social Media 2010 (Ogilvy, 2010) According to the research above by Ogilvy, social media tools listed in the smaller circle are evaluated as being more influential than those in the larger circle of the same sector. Vietnam overall is considered as a fast-growing country in terms of social web development. There are both local and international names operating in different sectors, ranging from blogging, social networking and music sharing to QA and online trading. In the sector of social networking specifically, Facebook is put behind three local sites in terms of digital influence. In other words, it is competing with local providers to be the top choice of online marketing communications tools. 2.3 Facebook Block Story Facebook is currently not the biggest social network in the country but growing fast in both number of users and influence on audiences. Its growing power has been proved after the blocking. The story started in late 2009 when it was getting difficult accessing Facebook in Vietnam, leading to a worry that the government would ban the social network. There were reasons for such claim because Earlier this year, Vietnams government tightened restrictions on blogging, banning political discussion and restricting postings to personal matters. Police have arrested several bloggers for writing about politically sensitive subjects (Russell, Asian Correspondent, 2009). The government and state-controlled internet providers did not respond to a request for comment. Private internet companies meanwhile blame the spotty access on technical issues, without offering an estimate for when the problems will be resolved (Ngo, CNET News, 2009). Facebook seemed to face its end in Vietnam at the time when local media started spreading the rumour that the site is going out of service and following the pathway of Yahoo!360: The Thanh Nien, one of the most popular newspapers in Vietnam, ran an article with the headline Facebook in grave illness. It hinted that this is similar to the process of what happened to the now defunct Yahoo360, suggesting maybe its time to look to other social Web sites. (Ngo, CNET News, 2009) The situation remained sophisticated since there has been no official statement regarding the problem logging in Facebook in Vietnam. The only obvious fact was that Vietnamese users could not access Facebook in their usual way. However, not the investigation of whether the government blocked Facebook and why they did so, state of the site after that is more the concern of my study. In relation to this, Global Voices had a comprehensive and interesting review of the whole issue: When Vietnam blocked Facebook, everyone was talking about a smaller China. One year after the governments endeavour, Facebook Vietnam tells another story. Not only does Vietnam remain on the list of 10 countries with the fastest growth of Facebook users. (Chip, Global Voices, 2011) The author explained a simple reason for the above fact: Because they can. If users in China have to pay for a VPN and go through a painful process to gain access to Facebook and other blocked websites, people in Vietnam just need to change their DNS settings and enjoy a full Internet experience for free. Information gathered from other sources showed an exactly same situation when Vietnamese users found and spread ways to access Facebook as if there had never been a problem logging in the site before. Some tech-savvy Facebook fans have found ways around access problems by readjusting their web browsers to a different configuration. They have been sharing instructions for doing so online. (Russell, Asian Correspondent, 2009) Trung, a 15-year-old high school student, taught me how to change the DNS: I figured it out myself, Trung said proudly, I just Googled it. Indeed, after a few Google searches, I found plenty of simple ways to bypass the ISPs DNS settings. (Ngo, CNET News, 2009) The commentator from CNET concluded: Blocked web sites are new to Vietnam. However, this seems to be the first time people are out in big numbers looking for ways to bypass. This shows the popularity of Facebook and the desire of young Vietnamese to reach out and stay connected with the rest of the world. 2.4 Facebook Vietnam to Marketing Communications Facebook which had been doing relatively well in Vietnam, after the block seemed to catch even more attention. Its popularity immediately convinced marketers and PR people to take the site as a growing powerful marketing communications tool. ZingMe, which is the biggest social network in Vietnam and once considered as more influential by the Ogilvy team, now seems to lag behind Facebook, in the opinion of an industry expert: We have tried some campaigns on ZingMe, but the results werent very good. Most of Zing Me users are under 15, and many of them log in ZingMe just to play Nong Trai (a game similar to Facebook Farmville). There are not many activities outside games. Facebook is still the most effective despite its being blocked, both in term of interaction and conversion rate. (Chip, Global Voices, 2011) Fan page which can be created by anyone on Facebook and allows users to become members of a group supporting a particular brand or person has increased significantly in terms of number and popularity. It proves the growing power of Facebook as an online marketing communications tool in the country: The largest fan page in Vietnam currently has 484,000 likes. For a market of 1.7 million users (and growing), the number means that this page has reached to almost 30 percent of Vietnamese Facebook users. Imagine this ratio worldwide, we would have a fan page with 100 millions likes. (Chip, Global Voices, 2011) The article on Global Voices emphasised another factor showing the rise of Facebook marketing in Vietnam which is the shift of hot bloggers from Yahoo!360 to the social network. Gao, real name as Vu Phuong Thanh, who was once a Vietnamese hot blogger on Yahoo!360 is now arguably the most popular Vietnamese on Facebook with more than 90,000 likes on her page. She is also working as the PR Manager for a new boy band in Vietnam. Regarding her media plan for the launch of the band, she shared that Social media, Facebook and YouTube, accounts for 60% of their marketing plan. Facebook is where people get to know about 365. She doesnt want to use ZingMe or other Vietnamese websites. The fan page of the band on Facebook had more than 7,000 members after three weeks. It could be said that the blocking issue has not had significant impacts on the users side since they are still able to access Facebook. The block of Facebook even somehow helped raise public awareness and promote the popularity of the site in Vietnam. Agencies have recognised the growing power of Facebook in marketing communications hence taken actions to develop this new effective tool. The current situation generally looks promising to Facebook Vietnam, yet requires further actions and support: 100% our customers are international brands. Social media is still new here, local companies dont allocate budget for it. But I think from next year there will be more Vietnamese companies interested in social media. Advertising agencies now understand the efficiency of social media, and they are the ones who advice and allocate budget for brands. said Vo Thanh Cuong, CEO of Click Media, an agency specialised in digital marketing and communications. (Chip, Global Voices, 2011) From the other party which is Facebook itself, the social network has also taken this as a serious issue that needs to be considered and dealt with thoroughly: Last October, Facebook put up a message on its career page that they are looking for someone that has experience in government relations work and navigating government agencies along with an extensive network of contacts in the government and the technology space. The recent visit of Javier Olivan, Head of International Growth of Facebook, to Vietnam suggested that Vietnam will be soon taken care of. They should- said Cuong Vietnam is not a small market at all. With a population of 90 million and Internet penetration rate of 27.5%, Vietnam is definitely not small. (Chip, Global Voices, 2011) Summary The statistics and information gathered above all in all shows an overall picture of the emergence and development of Facebook in Vietnam. A review of its marketing communications roles has also been covered through brief analysis and case studies. In summary, social media generally and Facebook especially are emerging powerful marketing communications tools. In Vietnam, social media has its own ways of developing and approaching users as well as an increasing power to marketing communications. The use of Facebook marketing is at its early stage but growing rapidly with positive figures and comments from both users and marketers. The censorship issue seems to remain sophisticated but not affect the growth of Facebook in the country in a short run. Meanwhile, government relations and further support from different parties is the key to a more sustainable development of the social network in Vietnam. The literature review however has shown a one-sided positive picture of Facebook marketing and communications in general. In order to investigate the issue thoroughly, further research and analysis on both advantages and difficulties of Facebook marketing in Vietnam is required. Chapter 3: Methodology In order to study the marketing communications roles of Facebook in Vietnam, I believe that a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods will be more helpful than using a single type. I decided to carry out a survey targeting at a variety of Vietnamese internet users and intensive interviews with local communications experts. The survey is expected to provide numbers and facts regarding Facebook usage from the audience side while the interviews aimed to bring an insight of its marketing roles and future development in the opinion of local industry professionals. Survey I conducted a survey which aimed to approach 80-100 Vietnamese internet users. As survey could be used to not only describe things but also explain them, data gathered from survey is expected to provide public behaviour, population characteristics and also measurements of variables between which relationships can be analysed (Gunter, 2000: 24). In this case, the purpose of doing survey is to find out who are using Facebook most in Vietnam, how they are interacting with the social network, and how reliable the content is to them. At the same time, it is expected to make comparisons of characteristics between different groups such as Vietnamese living in Vietnam and abroad, different genders and ages. Designing, delivering and managing a survey was said by Barrie Gunter as not just asking a group of people a few questions. It requires much planning and a high level of skill in its administration to ensure that valid and usable data are obtained (Gunter, 2000: 23). Firstly, questions were constructed using different types depending on the purpose and nature of research. For example, multiple-choice was used when specific information is needed and could be easily made while opinion-based questions required a rating function. Questions were put in logical order, from general to specific and all easy to understand. Furthermore, the survey length was also taken into consideration; the number of ten is believed to be reasonable enough as it takes participants less than five minutes to finish. Furthermore, diverse angles of the research topic Facebook usage in Vietnam were included, from time length, frequency, and means of access to content contribution and opinions on content reliability. Due to the fact that targeted respondents live in different parts of the world and all use the internet, I chose an online survey tool to carry out my quantitative research. Participants who were my circle of friends, relatives and colleagues could start the survey whenever they wanted by clicking the link sent via email, Facebook message or Yahoo Messenger. The reason for using different delivery channels is to ensure that the research will approach both Facebook and non-Facebook users. This includes respondents who use other social networks rather than Facebook and who do not use social network at all. This is in attempt to minimise bias and make comparisons more accurately. I chose my circle of friends and relatives on the internet as my sample because higher rates of responses and honesty could be expected using personal relations. They also represent a random thus typical group of internet users fulfilling requirements of including different age groups living both in Vietnam and abroad. In terms of survey layout, the online survey provider was selected instead of sending an attached file via email to ensure professionalism and maximise the response rates. I also added an introduction which is short, realistically worded, non-threatening, serious, neutral and pleasant but firm because one way to increase the response rate in any survey is to prepare a persuasive introduction (Wimmer Dominick, 2000: 171). Receivers who fulfil the sampling characteristics and know the sender as well as purpose of this survey are believed to be likely to contribute. Finally, as a function provided by the tool, data was gathered in an easy-to-use format and valuable for comparisons and analysis. Reponses are available to be viewed individually and in group so that it is possible to compare respondents who belong to different age, gender and location groups. The survey link was available for one month during which reminders and following-up were regularly carried out in order to achieve the targeted response rate. Intensive Interviews If the research survey aimed to seek an overview of Vietnamese Facebook users profiles based on quantitative data, the interviews are expected to provide an in-depth evaluation on Facebook marketing in Vietnam. Evaluation on the effectiveness of something is believed to be best undertaken by people who create it. In this case, they are communications and digital marketing professionals whose work is to create efficient marketing tactics on social media. (See Appendix 2 3) Some expert comments on the issue have already been mentioned in the review of literature (Chapter 3), most of which however are relatively general. The intensive interviews were therefore designed and conducted in a way so as to provide specific, detailed and valuable opinions for further analysis. Since the objective is to obtain opinion-based responses, observational methods are not appropriate and intensive interview seems to be the only practical one. Areas of investigation include their opinions on Facebook development in Vietnam and its effectiveness as a marketing communications tool. The questions were constructed based on SWOT analysis model in attempt to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Facebook marketing in Vietnam. Especially, examples or real case studies are encouraged to be provided by the interviewees in order to back-up the statements. Interviews were conducted via email due to the fact that the interviewees live abroad and were too busy to schedule a long telephone interview. The lack of interaction and flexibility that this channel may result in was already taken into consideration. The interviews were therefore designed as a mini research paper which the respondent dealt with as an assignment. The positive side is that interviewees tend to take it more thoroughly with details and valuable back-up information than some thoughts that come up at the time she gives the answers face-to-face. The interviewees were given a reasonable length of time ranging from one to three weeks in order to provide the most comprehensive answers possible. Based on their responses, further questions were given to clarify an issue or develop an idea in more depth and generally increase interaction. All in all, the interviews receiv