Saudi Arabian Economy Free Essays

Saudi Arabia is the largest Arab nation in Middle East Asia; Saudi Arabia has a population of more than 28 million and has an area of approximately 830,000 square miles. And has an oil-based economy with strong government control over major economic activities. Saudi Arabia possesses townie five percent of the world’s proven petroleum reserves. We will write a custom essay sample on Saudi Arabian Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Saudi government signed agreement with standard oil of California (socal), allowing the company to explore Saudi Arabia for oil after a long search for oil that lasted around four years without success, the first success came with the seventh drill site in Dammam city in 1938. The economy of Saudi Arabia, mainly for oil, and hard it has the largest oil reserves in the world, an estimated 264. 2 billion barrels. And occupies the first place as the largest producer and exporter of oil in the world, where it plays a leading role in the organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) to produce twenty nine percent of the total production of OPEC. In addition, the biggest turning point of the Saudi economy is Ghawar, it is by far the largest conventional oil field in the world and approximately sixty percent of all Saudi oil produced between 1948 and 2000 came from Ghawar and fourth largest reserves of natural gas, 240 trillion cubic feet, one third of this reserve is found in the Ghawar field. After explored the oil in Saudi Arabia, it become big change in the economic and government, focused on creation infrastructure, human resources development and non-oil economy, with the development of uplifting other economic activities such as handicrafts, mining and farming. For example, create and operation the cities of Jubal and Yanbu industrial create diversified economy and minimize rely on crude oil revenue Saudi Arabia economy is its response to the rapid economic variables on a global, regional and local levels Proof of this the successive jumps of the Kingdom in the standards world rankings year after year. And the kingdom occupies fourth rank in the â€Å"financial freedom† in the world rankings and has a tax system workbook ranked seventh in the world, one of the best tax systems to spur investment. It is one of the tony five largest economies in the world, which achieved a rank 24, and the largest economy in the Middle East and North Africa. How to cite Saudi Arabian Economy, Papers

Pop Up Stores Essay Example For Students

Pop Up Stores Essay INTRODUCTION At the beginning of the 21st century, retailing has experienced a significant change due to the increase of competition strategies. This report will illustrate the traditional concept of retailing and introduce three new kinds of retail forms and combinations that has emerged, which includes co-branding retailing, limited time only stores and retail entertainment in the global market. RETAILING Retail, in the traditional sense includes all the activities in selling goods or services directly to final consumers for personal and non-business use. This includes any organisation selling to final consumers, whether it is a manufacturer, wholesaler or retailer. (Kotler. P, et al 2009) The major types of retailer we are familiar with in todays society includes specialty stores which sells narrow product lines, example include The body shop. Department store, selling several product lines, this includes Myer, David Jones; Supermarket which sells large low-cost, low-margin, high-volume, self-service store designed to meet total needs for food and household products; convenience store, which are generally opened in residential areas for 24 hours a day seven days a week with limited line of high-turnover convenience products, famous example would be 7-eleven; Discount stores which offer standard of specialty merchandiese at low-price, low-margin, high-volume stores, an example includes BigW, Target; Off-price retailer that offers leftover goods, factory outlets, independent off-price retailers, an example includes Direct Factory Outlet (DFO); superstores, which occupies large selling space, which could be either category killers like Bunnings and Officeworks, or hypermarkets such as Carrerfour and Costco; lastly there is catalogue showroom where a broad selection of high-mar-up fast moving brand named goods are sold by cata logue at discount, with customers picking up the merchandise at the stores, an example includes the bike shop in the US. Retailers in the past have generally maintain its customers loyalty by offering better service than its competitors, trying to arrange a convenient location for shoppers and provide special assortments of goods to attract and offering store credit and secure their loyalty. This has changed due consumers becoming smarter shoppers, recognising more brands in the market especially with the use of internet and with many department stores cutting down on services. The internationalisation of the retailing industry remains in its infancy, and most leading players have considerable scope to expand their international operations, especially grocery retailers, as they often do not operate through franchises. The economic crisis in developed markets increases the need for many international retailers to become more present in emerging markets in the long term, in order to reduce their dependence on mature developed markets, although in the short term it has the effect of reducing their profits and their ability to invest abroad THE NEW RETAIL ENVIRONMENT Today retail environment has led retailers to either react and respond to the market, or risk the chance of going out of business. The following are retail developments that are changing how consumers purchase goods and services, and how manufacturers and retailers sells. Pop-Up stores Another form of new retail that has emerged successfully would be the limited-time-only stores, more commonly known as pop-up stores that started in 2003 where designer outlet Vacant open a store for one-month-only in major cities including New York, London, Tokyo, Shanghai, Paris and more. According to Trenchwatching (2004) their showcase was a range of one-off limited edition products and locations were sent through by email to members only before it opened. The concept of this was due to an increase in new products coming into the market and leaving. This lead businesses to consider using this method to promote brands, to launch any products, possibly reach seasonal shoppers for a few weeks in busy areas and most important of all, create Buzz. .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .postImageUrl , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:hover , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:visited , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:active { border:0!important; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:active , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marketing the $100 Laptop EssayA common tendency for these pop-up stores would be generally its unannounced or only tells a few and let work of mouth spread amongst consumer, it quickly draws in the attention of the crowds and then would either disappear or mutating into something else (Retailtimes, 2007) The use of pop-up stores are not limited to just be used like this. Many businesses use pop-up store as a new retail form to increase awareness of their brand, build brand loyalty and even possibly used to research consumer behaviour and trend analysis. It can be used to test a new retail concept and venues in high-end locals, where the investment to construct and a retai l store would be prohibitively expensive without guarantees of success. This concept has become exceptionally popular with brands targeting the younger generations, creating the feeling of exclusiveness, and attracting the idea of here now, gone tomorrow (Retailtimes, 2007) Another benefit of pop up store is that its not only good for the tenants which can use the space at lower cost without the commitment of a long term lease, at the same time is good for the landlord as pop up stores fills in the vacancy allowing them more time to search for a more permanent tenant. The longer a retail space stays unoccupied, the more the perceived value of the space is reduced. therefore, by bringing in pop ups, the landlord can give the space a real point of difference. (The Age, 2006). According to Lisanti, T (2008), especially during the economic crisis, retail space is easily available and more affordable, as retail traffic in the US drop to 16. 7% in November of 2008. With this downturn across the world, a fundamental shift has occurred with consumer habits. Aggr essive retailers can gain long-term benefits using this attractive new retail format. Not only so, companies can use this to expand their business as retail rents fall and properties become readily available. (new concept of retailing) UNIQLO AND eBAY The two examples that would be discussed in regards to pop up stores would be Uniqlo and Ebay. Uniqlo, a Japanese low cost casual wear company delivered pop-up stores constructed from ships cargo container to various locations in Manhattan and went on for over eight weeks. The exterior of the container stores is made from metal and inside fitted with shelves. These cargo containers which were delivered straight from Tokyo was transported from the pier, lifted by cranes and placed in streets throughout New York. This had the effect of sending New Yorkers a clear literal message, that’s they were literally coming from Tokyo to New York(Gogoi, p, 2007) Their target market for this retail would have been focused on people living within the area. EBAY opened its first pop-up store in the holiday seasons of Manhattan in late 2009, using it as a way to boost sales online. As store-based retailers improve their online offer and exploit the benefits of a store network to the full, internet specialists had to take the benefit by developing a physical presence. (global retail, new concept pg 23) Although the merchandises on display were non-purchasable, computer terminals were set up in order for consumers to bid. As with other retailers, eBay has taken an impact to the recession and is seeking for consumers to come back and spend more money. http://abclocal. go. com/wabc/story? section=news/consumer=7134375 The location that was used by ebay also preciously featured other pop-up stores such as diet coke, Fortunoff, Bulgari and Coach. The landlord of the site in 3 West 57th Street Manhattan is seen to be earning an estimate of $5 million in annual rent(Curan, C 2009). There are even real estate websites that promote the concept of pop-up marketing, providing tenant short term leases with potential pop-up sites and stating out the prices and availability of the space (popupinsider, 2010)

Youre NOT Doing Enough as a Freelance Writer

I havent landed a writing job yetwhat gives? Ive pitched soooo much, but havent heard back from any of them!!! Why? I spent hours on my writer website, but still, no gigs! Does any of these sayings sound familiar? Like you couldve said them yourself (or have thought them in the past)? Did you know that after the first year of freelance writing, the majority of writers fail? They stop freelancing for good and never go back. (A unicorn died when I learned this!) Being a freelance writer is also being an entrepreneur, and as an entrepreneur, youre going to face extreme highs and big lows. But, thats one of the reasons I LOVE freelance writing! I get to create those big highs if I wanted to and I can mitigate those lows, so they dont affect my bottom line. So, if you just started freelance writing as a beginner, I dont want you to feel defeated or frustrated because you havent landed your first gig. I want to help you because I suspect part of the reason you arent succeeding is that you dare I say it? arent doing enough as a freelance writer. *gasp I knowsounds harsh, doesnt it? Of course, youre doing all that you can! Of course, you only have 1 hour a day to make this work! Of course I know Straight talking here it is possible to make a living as a writer. Im doing it and have been doing it for five years. But, if youre already thinking of the donts instead of the dos, then youre setting yourself up to fail anyways. So, lets turn that around and get you that first freelance writing job. Ill share with you what I feel youre not doing enough and how you can incorporate that in what little time you have to devote to your side hustle. What Freelance Writers Arent Doing Enough Of 1. Youre NOT Pitching Enough One of the biggest ways you can improve your chances of landing your first writing gig is to pitch more often. Many writers that start out send around 200 pitches or less before they land a good gig. Other writers land their first gig immediately. There really is no right amount of pitches to send before you land a gig (I sent around 50 before I landed my first gig). But, if you dont hear back from the pitches you ARE sending, try sending MORE pitches. A good rule of thumb is: 10 pitches a day for 10 days. Whats great about this tactic is that you set a time frame 10 days and the amount you send per day 10. You can adjust this to fit your commitment, but the only thing I suggest is you extend the time frame if you end up lowering the number of pitches you send 5 pitches a day for 15 days. You can also change the format of what a pitch entails. For example, you can also include guest post pitches or podcast pitches along with your job ad pitches and cold pitches. 2. Youre NOT Available Enough Watching Youtube and relaxing! Did you know that I hire ghostwriters and bloggers to help me with my other blogs? Most of the freelance writers are professional and available, but theres always those few that I have a hard time contacting them or they never reply to my emails in a sufficient time frame. When that happens, I dont hire them. I need a reliable and available writer. This doesnt mean you should be at the beck and call of your clients; instead, be prompt when responding to emails 24 to 48 hours is sufficient. This allows for time changes with your clients or potential clients, as well as for the weekend (if you dont email on the weekend which is something I WOULD recommend for new freelance writers). See, my thing is that I want to remove as many barriers as possible for someone to hire me. So, I do my best to reply to leads as soon as they land in my inbox. And you should too! 3. Youre NOT Flexible Enough As a new freelance writer, you have to be open to expanding your niche or services. If youre dead set on writing about history, it might be hard to find the right client. Why not peruse job boards and see whats out there? Pitch to ones that are remotely interesting to you. This is what I did, and it served me well. This can also help you pick up your first writing gig much quicker when you expand your freelance writing niche. How do you expand your freelance writing niche? Look at related topics in that niche. For example, if you want to write about cryptocurrency, you should also be willing to write about home loans or investments. If your niche is mental health, why not also include mindfulness and exercising as topics? By, doing this, you can search for more freelance writing jobs and get a gig! The same goes for your services. Why not add editing or social media graphics as added services to your freelance writing? Prospects who land on your hire me page will see all you offer and may start you out as their editor, and from there you can pitch your writing after you know the client enjoys your editing relationship. 4. Youre NOT Negotiating Enough Sometimes the issue for freelance writers isnt that they cant find a job; its that the job is low paying. *think content mill rates! You can easily change this around by being firm in your negotiations. Try not to bend if a potential client says in their email: That rate is out of our budget. Can you cut your rate in half? Ouch! Some people! Forget what they say and be professional when you respond, Thanks for letting me know, but my rate is (x). If you need a professional writer later on or if your budget increases, feel free to contact me! Boom! Whos the boss now? Standing your ground will give you confidence, and you know what? That will carry with you on your next pitch, and I wouldnt be surprised if you didnt land that gig! The only time I would write for a lower-paying gig is if it can benefit me later one. For example, if the networking potential is greater than the actual gig. Or, if the gig sounds super fun and super easy and it would look good in my portfolio! 5. Youre NOT Reaching Out Enough Many freelance writers think this is a competition and its not! Instead of giving the stink eye to other freelance writers, connect with them and follow them! Share their blog posts and sign up to their email list! Networking its creeping up again! is soo powerful! It is what can increase your income and move you up the income ladder. By doing this, you will see other freelance writers giving away potential gigs if they have a full schedule. Similarly, if youre booked up, you can connect with your list of freelance writers and see if they want to pick up another writing gig. Some of my best freelance writing jobs came from other freelance writers or from their referral! So, how can you connect with more freelancers? Follow them on Twitter Follow them on LinkedIn Join Facebook groups and search for freelancer And connect with other freelancers like graphic designers and coaches! Maximize Your Time as a Freelance Writer What if you have NO time to start this freelance writing business? What if you only have one hour a day or three hours a week to do this? First, list out the most important tasks you need to accomplish: Create three writing samples Pitch 5 times a day for 10 days Start a Twitter profile and follow 10 freelancers Find five companies to cold pitch to Create a pitch template Once you write down your list, next write out how long you think each task will take and plug that into the time you have during the week. This will give you a framework to work off of. You also should get creative on your time. Instead of vegging out after dinner watching your shows, pitch or find businesses to cold pitch to. You might have to nix Netflix for a month to land a few clients! Totally worth it though, right? If you still find this difficult to execute, why not have an accountability partner? It doesnt have to be your husband or wife or a friend; it can be another freelance writer you connected with on Facebook! Reach out to them and see where they are in their freelance journey and see if you can hold each other accountable to grow your biz together! Wrap Up There ya go! Im telling it like it is! I hope this gives you the motivation you need to get up and take action! I want to help you succeed and find that freelance writing job thats right for you! Tell me in the comments what you feel you arent doing enough! Maybe we can brainstorm some ideas on how to increase your productivity so you can land some writing gigs!

Civil War - Battle of Chancellorsville

Civil War - Battle of Chancellorsville Dates: April 30-May 6, 1863 Other Names: None Location: Chancellorsville, Virginia Key Individuals Involved in the Battle of Chancellorsville: Union: Major General Joseph HookerConfederate: General Robert E. Lee, Major General Thomas J. Jackson Outcome: Confederate Victory. 24,000 casualties of which 14,000 were Union soldiers. Significance of the Battle of Chancellorsville: This battle was considered by many historians to be Lee’s greatest victory. At the same time, the South lost one of its greatest strategic minds with the death of Stonewall Jackson. Overview of the Battle: On April 27, 1863, Union  Major General Joseph Hooker attempted to turn the Confederate left flank by leading the V, XI, and XII Corps across the  Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers above Fredericksburg, Virginia. Passing the Rapidan via Ely’s Fords and Germanna, the Union forces  concentrated near Chancellorsville, Virginia on April 30 and May 1. The III Corps was to join the army. General John  Sedgwick’s VI Corps and Colonel Randall L. Gibbon’s division remained to keep up appearances against the Confederate forces gathered at Fredericksburg. Meanwhile, General Robert E. Lee left a covering force commanded by Major General Jubal Early in Fredericksburg while he  marched with the rest of the army to meet the Union forces. As Hooker’s army worked its way toward Fredericksburg, they encountered increasing Confederate resistance. Fearing through reports of large Confederate force, Hooker ordered the army to stop the advance and concentrate again at C hancellorsville. Hooker adopted a defensive posture which gave Lee the initiative. On the morning of May 2, Lieutenant General T.J. Jackson directed his corps to move against the Union left flank, which was reported to be separated from the rest. Fighting was sporadic across the field throughout the day when Jackson’s column reached its destination. At 5:20 pm, Jackson’s line surged forward in an attack that crushed the Union XI Corps. Union troops rallied and were able to resist the attack and even counterattack. Fighting eventually ended due to darkness and disorganization on both sides. During the nighttime reconnaissance, Jackson was mortally wounded by friendly fire. He was carried from the field. J.E.B. Stuart took temporary command of Jackson’s men. On May 3, the Confederate forces attacked with both sides of the army, massing their artillery at Hazel Grove. This finally broke the Union line at Chancellorsville. Hooker withdrew about a mile and entrenched his men making a  defensive â€Å"U.† His back was   to the river at United States Ford. Union generals Hiram Gregory Berry and Amiel Weeks Whipple and Confederate General Elisha F. Paxton were killed.  Stonewall Jackson soon died from his wounds.  During the night between  May 5-6 Hooker recrossed to the north of the Rappahannock,  due to Union reverses at Salem Church.

An Introduction To Malcolm X And His Life History Essay

An Introduction To Malcolm X And His Life History Essay Malcolm X was a black civil rights leader in the 1960s in the U.S. In the U.S, blacks were segregated by the Jim Crow Laws. Black people did not have equal rights compared to white people in this era. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, which is in the state of Nebraska. In the U.S history, people knew Malcolm X as a violent, black civil rights activist. His idea was that racial separation was the only way to help and improve African Americans’ lives in the U.S because he thought that white people controlled the U.S society completely. Thus, he taught black people that they should have their own society, economy, and community. Also, he taught that white people were devils, who brainwashed black people. He did not believe the idea of whites and blacks in the U.S living together. So, even if other black civil right activists, such as Martin Luther King Jr. helped black people by using non violent resistance, Malcolm X did not participate in their nonviolent civil righ ts movements. Therefore, Malcolm X thought that violence or fighting against whites is the only way of helping and improving black people in the U.S. So, his idea of racial separation was shaped by his earlier life experiences and the Nation of Islam, however, Malcolm X finally realized that the whites and the blacks could live together under God, Allah, after he visited Mecca. Historical Back Ground: African Americans in the south were segregated by the Jim Crow Laws. (Hickman, 2010) The Jim Crow Laws was â€Å"the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily, but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid to 1960s. Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti – Black laws. It was a way of life. Under the Jim Crow, African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens† (Pilgrim, 2000). Black people were segregated in restaurants, public restrooms, drinking fountains, etc. In addition, â€Å"many blacks were the victims of mob violence that ranged from being beaten to actually being killed† (Dean, 1994, pp. 9). So, black people were not protected by the law completely in this era. During the 19th century, American Civil Rights movements occurred many times, such as the sitting movement and the bus boycott in Montgomery. Black people tried to have their civil rights in this era, and black people followed famous civil rights activists. There were two famous protesters, Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, who were against the Jim Crow Laws. They were black, and they were the leaders of the American Civil Rights movements. However, there were some differences between King and Malcolm. Martin Luther King Jr. was a protestant, and he used nonviolent resistance. Many black people followed his idea because nonviolent resistance was a more popular approach in the Civil Rights Movement in this era. On the other hand, Malcolm X’s idea was that black people should create their own wo rld without white people, the rejection of King’s method of nonviolence, and the acceptance of violence as an effective means to realize his goal. So, Malcolm X did not suggest that black people should live with white people.

Present and evaluate J.C. Maxwells version of the Golden Rule as Essay

Present and evaluate J.C. Maxwells version of the Golden Rule as discussed in class and in your reading. (Again, this means discussing the argument) - Essay Example What you do is important; but how you do, what you do is more important. Meaning, the process of living is supreme than achieving success in life. In business, seeking wealth is perfect. What is inappropriate is the intentional manipulation of business practices to deceive others. Desires are not bad; but motivated desires and causing intentional pain to others to secure monetary gains is undesirable. Great business projects are fine, but the prerequisite about such projects is creating noble individuals to implement them. When ethics is the foundation stone of an individual viewed from perception of life as a whole, nothing can go wrong for such an individual. He can be a businessman, politician, bureaucrat, farmer etc. The fundamental rules of ethics will not change, only their application in a particular situation may vary. Scandals originate in the heart. An individual must have a cause to be ethical, the heart to be ethical, and pursue the ethical principles with grit, stamina and heroism, and finally receive the rewards or any other types of accruing results with a balanced mental attitude. Even if the results are not favorable in a given situation, one will have the inner satisfaction of following the Golden Rule of ethics. One has to be truthful at all times and at all costs and avoid ‘pressure, pleasure, power, pride and skewed priorities’, to uphold the Golden Rule. In that ideal situation, societal environment will be

The Developing Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

The Developing Business - Essay Example Many organizations refer to sustainability as corporate social responsibility (CSR). Thus, CSR will be used in the essay to refer to social and environmental sustainability. The terms, sustainability and corporate social responsibility refer to the practical contributions that businesses can make to sustainability. Many companies in recent times have incorporated social and environmental sustainability in their financial statements. (Gray, 2006, p.81) said that reporting social sustainability is crucial because the sustainability apprehensions of individuals, communities and governments facilitate shaping the world in which organizations operate.Sustainability reporting at the enterprise level also intends to represent an organization’ssocial, environmental and economic performance. Social sustainability reporting is aimed at reflecting the external costs and benefits of an organization that are not otherwise identified. Conventionally, ‘labour hires capital’ with the prominence on individual, environmental and social profit. On the contrary, capital hires labour with the superseding prominence on making a ‘profit’ over and beyond any advantage either to the industry itself or the employees (Epstein and Buhovac, 2014, pg. 29). These two differences provide a major contrast to how the accountant views of business operation. Another difference that arises is that of the conflicts created by professional values and managerial logic. Accountants view the firm in professional term, meaning any notion that does not involve accounting principles is rendered irrelevant. The CSR function, on the other hand, is based on managerial logic whereby the businesses engross in broad activities so long as profits are recognized from the business endeavours. Theoretical work on CSR accounting has created different theories as to the motivation of firms to report or release information on their CSR actions, many of