Prison Assault And Its Mental And Physical Mischief

Name: Title: Institution: Abstract Prison Rape is no mystery in today s society. The American media has depicted prison assault as a joke in movies and in music, yet have not understood the degree of how risky this crime is. A few cops even utilize this system as an intends to get an admission from a suspect. A noteworthy obstruction in settling Prison assault is the famous under-reporting of the crime. Just sixteen percent of prison assault casualties report their exploitation. Purposes behind under reporting are apprehension of results, disgrace, blame, shame, and decline to remember agonizing subtle elements. This paper investigates prison assault and its mental and physical mischief to prisoners, as well as to society. Literature Review With more than 2.2 million individuals in guardianship at any given time, the U.S. detains a bigger extent of its populace than any other nation on the planet. This over-imprisonment has prompted congestion in confinement offices the country over, constraining prison and correctional facility executives to change over exercise centers into residences. Numerous offices additionally need legitimate conventions to guarantee that the individuals why should helpless misuse are isolated from the individuals why should likely confer demonstrations of sexual savagery (Moster Jeglic, 2009). There is late endeavors to put a stop to prison assault, for example, the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 and The NPREC commission and alsoShow MoreRelatedA Stolen Community : Where Are The Victims?1466 Words   |  6 Pagesgetting got had a significant diminishing† (Counter traffickers 2015). I ve been held down like a bit of meat while creatures masked as men damaged me again again but i keep on staying . -Unknown However while I was free physically, my mental flexibility was evacuated very quickly. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages†¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢ Diversity in Groups 58 †¢ Effective Diversity Programs 58 Summary and Implications forRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDifferences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90 An Exercise for Identifying Aspects of Personal

Dividend Policy Free Essays

Dividend Policy Vinod Kothari Corporations earn profits – they do not distribute all of it. Part of profit is ploughed back or held back as retained earnings. Part of the profit gets distributed to the shareholders. We will write a custom essay sample on Dividend Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The part that is distributed is the dividend. The ratio of the actual distribution or dividend, and the total distributable profits, is called dividend payout ratio. How much of its profits should a corporation distribute? There are several considerations that apply in answering this question. Hence, companies have to frame and work on a definitive policy of dividend payout ratio. Of course, no corporate management can afford to stick to a fixed dividend payout ratio year after year – neither is such fixity of dividend payout ratio required or expected. However, management has to broadly decide its policy on its broad attitude towards distribution – liberal dividend payout ratio, or conservative dividend payout ratio, etc. If one were to ask this question in context of debt sources of capital – for example, how much interest should a corporation pay to its bankers, the answer is straight forward. As interest paid is the cost of the borrowing, the lesser the interest a corporation pays, the better it is. Besides, companies do not have choice on paying of interest to lenders – as the rate of interest is contractually fixed. Rate of dividends may be fixed in case of preference shares too. However, in case of equity shares, there is no fixed rate of dividends. It cannot be said that the dividend paid is the cost of equity capital – if that was the case, corporations may try to minimize the dividend distribution. Hence, the following points emerge as regards the dividend distribution policy: †¢ The cost of equity is defined as the rate at which the corporation must earn on its equity to keep the market price of the equity shares constant. Let us further suppose that the market price of the shares is obtained by capitalizing the earnings of the corporation at a certain capitalization rate – the capitalization rate itself depending on the riskiness or beta of the industry. Suppose the corporation does not earn any profit. Shareholders were expecting a certain rate of return on their shareholding – hence, share prices will fall at the expected return on equity. On the other hand, if just the expected rate of return is earned by the corporation, the price of equity shares remains constant if the earnings are entirely distributed, and xactly grows by the expected rate of return if the earnings are entirely retained. The above discussion leads to the conclusion that the cost of equity is not the dividends but the return on equity – hence, a corporation cannot work on the objective of minimizing dividends. Equity shareholders are the owners of the corporation – hence, retained earnings ultimately belong to the shareholders. Supposing a company earns return on equity of 10%, and retains the whole of it, the retained earnings increase the net asset value (NAV) of the equity shares exactly at the rate of 10%. Assuming there are no other factors affecting the equity price of the company, the market price of †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ the shares should exactly go up by 10% commensurate with the increase in the NAV of the shares. That is to say, shareholders gain by way of appreciation in market price to the extent of 10%. On the other hand, if the company distributes the entire earnings, shareholders earn a cash return of 10%, and there is no impact on the NAV of the shares, hence, the same should remain unchanged. Therefore, in both the cases, the shareholders earned a return of 10% – in the first case, by way of growth or capital appreciation, and in the second case, by way of income. In other words, merely because the corporation is not distributing profits does not mean it is depriving shareholders of the rate of return on equity. The above two points reflect the indifference, sometimes referred to as irrelevance of dividend policy (see Modigliani and Miller approach later in this Chapter) from the viewpoint of either the company or its shareholders. Supposing the corporation decides to retain the entire earning. Obviously, the corporation would earn on this retained profit at the applicable return on equity. Note that the return on equity is relevant, as retained earnings would be leveraged and would, therefore, benefit from the impact of leverage too. On the other hand, if the corporation were to distribute the entire profits, shareholders reinvest/consume the income so distributed at their own rate of return. Hence, it may be contended that whether the company retains or distributes the earnings depends on whose reinvestment rate is higher – that of the company or that of the shareholders? Quite clearly, the rate of reinvestment in the hands of the corporation is higher than that in the hands of the shareholders, (a) because of leverage which shareholders may not be able to garner; and (b) intuitively, that is the very reason for the shareholders to invest in the company in the first place. This argument generally favors retention of profits by the company rather than distribution. [As we discuss later, this argument is the basis of the Walter formula] As a counter argument to this, it is contended that shareholders do not need growth only – they need current income too. Many investors may sustain their livelihood on dividend earnings. Of what avail is the increase in market value of shares, if I need cash to spend for my expenses? However, in the age of demat securities and liquid stock markets, growth and income are almost equivalent. For example, if I am holding equity shares worth $ 100, which appreciate in value to $ 110 due to retention, I can dispose off 10/110% of my shareholding, earn cash equal to $ 10, and still be left with stock worth $ 100, which is exactly the same as earning cash dividend of $ 10 with no retention at all. While the above argument may point to indifference between growth and income, the reality of the marketplace is that investors do have varying preferences for growth and income. There are investors who are growth-inclined, and there are those who are income-inclined. Majority of retail investors insist on balance between growth and income, as they do not see an exact equivalence between appreciation in market value and current cashflows. Hence, the conclusion that emerges is that companies do have to strike a balance between shareholders’ need for current income, and growth opportunities by retained earnings. Hence, dividend policy still remains an important consideration. While making the above points, there are certain special points that affect particular situation that need to be borne in mind: †¢ Company’s reinvestment rate lower than that of shareholders: Sometimes, there are companies that do not have significant reinvestment opportunities. More precisely, we say the reinvestment rate of the company is lesser than the reinvestment rate of shareholders. In such cases, obviously, it is better to pay earnings out than to retain them. As the classic theories of impact of dividends on market value of a share (see Walter’s formula below) suggest, or what is anyway intuitively understandable, retention of earnings makes sense only where the reinvestment rate of the company is higher than that of shareholders. †¢ Tax disparities between current dividends and growth: In our discussion on indifference between current dividends and share price appreciation, we have assumed that taxes do not play a spoilsport. In fact, quite often, they do. For example, if a company distributes dividends, the same may be taxed (either as income in the hands of shareholders, or by way of tax on distribution – like dividend distribution tax in India). Alternatively, if the shareholders have a capital appreciation, which they encash by partial liquidation of holdings, shareholders have a capital gain. Taxability of a capital gain may not be the same as that of dividends. Hence, taxes may differentiate between current dividends and share price appreciation. Shares with fixed returns: Needless to say, there is no relevance of dividend policy where dividends are payable as per terms of issue – for example, in case of preference shares. †¢ Entities requiring minimum distribution: There might also be situations where entities are required to do a minimum distribution under regulations. For example, in case of real estate investment trusts, a certain minimum distribution is required to attain tax transparent status. There migh t be other regulations or regulatory motivations for companies to distribute their profits. These regulations may impact our discussion on relevance of dividend policy on price of equity shares. †¢ Unlisted companies: Finally, one must also note that discussion above on the parity between distributed earnings and retained earnings – the latter leading to market price appreciation – will have relevance only in case of listed firms. Technically speaking, in case of unlisted firms too, retained earnings belong to the shareholders, as shareholders after all are the owners of the residual wealth of the company. However, that residual ownership may be a myth as companies do not istribute assets except in event of winding, and winding up is a rarity. The discussion in this chapter on dividend policy, as far is relates to market price of equity shares, is keeping in mind listed firms. In case of unlisted firms, classical models such as Walter’s model or Gordon Growth model discussed below may hold relevance than market price-based models. From dividends to market value of equity: Dividend capitalisation approach: If, for a second, we were to ignore the stock market capitalisation of a company, what is the market value of an equity share? Say, we take the case of an unlisted company. We know from our discussion on present values that the value of any asset is the value of its cashflows. What is the cashflow a shareholder gets from his equity? As long as the company is not wound up, and the shareholder does not sell the stock, the only cashflow of the shareholder is the dividends he gets. It is easy to understand that if we are not envisaging either a sale of the shares or a liquidation of the company, then the stream of dividends may be assumed to continue in perpetuity. Hence, VE = ? ? (1 + K i =1 Di E )i (1) Where VE : Value of equity K E : Cost of equity Di : dividends in paid in year i Equation (1) is easy to understand. Shareholders continue to receive dividends year after year, and these dividends are discounted by the shareholders at the cost of equity, that is, the required return of the shareholders. If the stream of dividends is constant, then Equation (1) is actually a geometric progression. We can manipulate Equation (1) either to compute the price of equity, if the constant stream of dividends is known, or to compute the cost of equity, if the dividend rate and market price of the shares is known. Applying the geographical progression formula for adding up perpetual progressions, assuming constant dividends equal to D, Equation (1) above becomes: VE = = D (1 + K E ) ? (1 ? 1 ) 1+ KE (2) D KE Example: Supposing a company the nominal value equity were $ 100, and the dividends at the rate of 10 % were $ 10, if the cost of equity is 8%, then the market price of the shares will given by 10/8%, or $ 125. Incorporating growth in dividends: In our over-simplified example above, we have taken dividends to be constant. It would be unusual to expect that dividends will be constant, particularly where the company is not distributing all its earnings. That is to say, with the retained earnings, the company has increasing profits in successive years, and therefore, it continues to distribute more. If dividends grow at a certain compounded rate, say g, then, Equation (2) above becomes: VE = D (1 + g ) (1 + K E ) = ? (1 ? 1+ g ) 1+ KE (3) D (1 + g ) KE ? g Note that we have assumed here that even the first dividend will have grown at g rate, that is, the historical dividend has been D, but we are expecting the current year’s dividend to have increased at the constant rate. If we assume the current year’s dividend will not show the growth, and the growth will come from the forthcoming year, then we can remove (1+g) in the numerator above. The formula as it stands is also referred as Gordon’s dividend growth formula, discussed below. Example: Supposing a company the nominal value equity were $ 100, and the dividends at the rate of 10 % were historically $10. Going forward, we expect that the dividends will continue to grow at a rate of 5% per annum. If the cost of equity is 8%, what is the market value? We put the numbers in the formula and get a value of $350. Note that we can also test the valuation above on Excel. If we take sufficient number of dividends, say, 1000, successively growing at the rate of 5%, and we discount the entire stream at 8%, we will get the same value. Example: Supposing a company the nominal value equity were $ 100, and the dividends at the rate of 10 % were historically $10. Going forward, we expect that the dividends will continue to grow at a rate of 12% per annum. If the cost of equity is 8%, what is the market value? This is a case where the growth in dividends is higher than the discounting rate. The growth in dividends is a multiplier; the discounting rate is a divisor. If the multiplier is higher than the divisor, then the present value of each successive dividend will be higher than the previous one, and hence a perpetual series will have infinite value. There is yet another notable point – the growth rate g above may be also be visualised as the appreciation in the market value of the share. That is, shareholders are rewarded in form of current earnings as well as growth in the value of their investment. Dividend-based equity models: Walter Approach: The Walter formula belongs to James E Walter, and is based on a simple argument that where the reinvestment rate, that is, rate of return that the company may earn on retained earnings, is higher than cost of equity (which, as we have discussed before, the expected returns of the shareholders, or rate of return of the shareholders), then, it would be in the interest of the firm to retain the earnings. If the company’s reinvestment rate on retained earnings is the less than shareholders’ rate of return, the company should not retain earnings. If the two rates are the same, then the company should be indifferent between retaining and distributing. The Walter formula is based on a simple analysis that the market value of equity is the capitalisation of the current earnings and growth in price (g in our formula in equation 3 above). Hence, the basis of Walter formula is: VE = D +g KE (4) Here, the growth factor occurs because the rate of return on retention done by the company is higher than the cost of equity. That is to say, the company continues to earn at r rate of return on the retained earnings, and this is what causes growth g. Hence, g= r (E-D)/ K E Inserting equations (5) into (4), we have VE = (5) D KE + r (E – D)/K E KE (6) Where r = rate of return on retained earnings of the company E = earnings rate D = dividend rate Example: Supposing a company the nominal value equity is $ 100, and the dividends at the rate of 10 % are $10. Supposing the company earns at the rate of 12% , what is the market value of equity if the the cost of equity is 8%? The market value of the share comes to $ 162. 50. This is explainable easily. As the company is earning $12, and distributing $10, it retains $ 2 every year, on which it earns at 12%. The capitalised value of 0. 24 at 8% will be the expected growth. Therefore, the sustainable earnings of the shareholders will be $ 10 +3, which, when capitalised at 8%, produces the value $ 162. 50. Of course, the key learning from Walter’s approach is not what the market value of equity is, but how the market value of equity can be maximised by following a proper distribution policy. For instance, in the present case, it is not advisable for the company to distribute any dividend at all, as the company earns more than the shareholders’ opportunity rate. If the company was not to distribute anything, the market value of the share may increase to $ 225. Gordon growth model: Gordon’s growth model is simply Equation (3) above, that is, VE = D (1 + g ) KE ? g This is, as we have seen above, derived from perpetual sum of a geometric progression, under the assumption that the growth rate is less than the cost of equity. Modigliani and Miller approach: Franco Modigliani was awarded Nobel prize in 1985 and Merton Miller in 1990 (along with Markowitz and Sharpe). MM have theorised on the irrelevance of the capital structure, and a corollary, irrelevance of the dividend payout ratio to the value of the firm. Like several financial theories, MM hypothesis is based on the argument of efficient capital markets. In addition, we believe that a firm has two options: (a) It retains earnings and finances its new investment plans with such retained earnings; (b) It distributes dividends, and finances its new investment plans by issuing new shares. The intuitive background of the MM approach is extremely simple, and in fact, almost selfexplanatory. It is based on the following propositions: †¢ Why would a company retain earnings? Only tenable reason is that the company has investment opportunities. If the company does not retain earnings, where does it finance those investment opportunities from? We may assume a debt issuance, but then as MM otherwise propounded irrelevance of the capital structure, they see a parity between debt and equity, and hence, it does not make a difference whether the new investments are funded by equity or debt. So, let us assume that the new growth plans are funded by equity. Shareholders price the equity shares of the company to take into account the earnings and the retentions of the company. If the company distributes dividends, the shareholders take into account that fact in pricing of the shares; if the company does not distribute dividends, that is also reflected in the pricing of the shares. If dividends are distributed, the financing needs of the company will be funded by issuing new shares. The issue price of these shares will compensate for the fact that the dividends have been distributed. That is to say, the market price of the share will remain unaffected by whether the dividends have been distributed or not. †¢ †¢ Let us take a one year time horizon to understand the indifference argument of MM. We use the following new notations: Po P1 D1 n m I X : Price of the equity share at point 0 : Price of the equity share at point 1, that is, end of period 1 : Dividend per share being paid in period 1 : existing number of issued shares : new shares to be issued : Investment needs of the company in year 1 : Profits of the firm year in 1 The relation between the price at the beginning of the year (Po), and that at he end of the year (P1) is the simple question of discounted value at the shareholders’ expected rate of return (KE). Hence, Po = (P1 +D1) / (1+(KE) (7) Equation (7) is quite easy to understand. Shareholders have got a cash return equal to D1 at the end of Year 1, and the share is still worth P1. Hence, discounted at the cost of equity, the discounte d value is the price at the beginning of the period. Alternatively, it may also be stated that the P1 = (P0 )* (1+(KE) – D1 (8) That is to say, if the company declares dividends, the price the end of year 1 comes down to the effect of the distribution. Equation (7) can be manipulated. By multiplying both sides by n, and adding a self-cancelling number m, we may write (7) as follows: nPo = [(n+m)P1 -mP1 +nD1)]/(1+(KE) (9) Note that we have multiplied both sides by n, and the added number m along with m is cancelled by deducting the same outside the brackets. mP1 represents the new share capital raised by the company to finance its investment needs. How much share capital would the company need to raise? Given the investment needs I and the profits X, the new capital issued will be given by the following: mP1 = I – (X – nD1) (10) Again, this is not difficult to understand, as the total amount of profit of the company is X, and the total amount distributed as dividends is nD1. Hence, the company is left with a funding gap as shown by equation (10). If the value of mP1 is substituted in Equation (9), we have the following: nPo = [(n+m)P1 – {I – (X – nD1)}+nD1)]/(1+(KE) (11) As nD1 would cancel out, we will be left with the following: nPo = [(n+m)P1 – I + X] /(1+(KE) (12) Since nPo is total value of the stock at point 0, it is seen from Equation (12) that dividend is not a factor in that valuation at all. How to cite Dividend Policy, Essay examples

Bibliography A Welsh Folk Museum

Question: Describe about the Bibliography for A Welsh Folk Museum? Answer: Castel Veechio Museum: Themes and Issues: - Project Castel vecchio Museum Location- Verona, Italy Architect - Restoration by Carlo Scarpa Built - 1958-64 Castel vecchio Museum is a museum in Verona, northern Italy, situated at the eponymous medieval castle. Restoration by the architect Carlo Scarpa, between 1959 and 1973, has enhanced the appearance of the building and exhibits. Scarpa's unique architectural style is perceptible in the details for doorways, staircases, furnishings, and even fixtures designed to hold a specific piece of artwork. The museum displays a collection of sculpture, statues, paintings, ancient weapons, ceramics, gold works, miniatures and some old bells. The castle vecchio museum is just not a simple restored building with arts work in it. Its an assembly with everything worked out. This museum is included in Verona card and without that card it costs 6 EUR for its visiting which is assumed to be a fair price according to the numbers and quality of the artwork exhibited. The most important thing about this museum is its architecture. When seen from the top of one of the rowers the Verona can be seen easily. The questions which I will be addressing are- How architected the building of Castle vecchio museum. Which type of architecture technology is used by the architecture? Why the architect choose this museum for restoration. Why this museum is so important. The importance of castle vecchio museum is that this is a very old building built in the 14th century and that time it used as barracks during the wars and after that the famous architect Carlo Scarpa restored and redesigned this building and this became a museum for science. This is the largest museum in Italy as this has a variety of sculptures, frescos and paintings and most of these artworks are religious or spiritual theme. Dissertation outline: - Themes and issues about castle vecchio museum. Addressing questions. Importance of the castle vecchio museum. Dissertation outline. Executive summary. Visual material. Carlo scarpa done the work of restoration of the castle vecchio museum which was earlier a war barrack made in 14th century. The every part of this museum is designed and architected by the famous architect Carlo scarpa it is done during the period of 1958 to 1974. Rooms of this museum are disposed as in any other museum, but the windows, the lamps and the stands for artworks have been all conceived by the genius of Carlo Scarpa. The floor is never linked in a straight line to the wall, as not to disturb, as leaving a space in the case the wall would like to move around or we, with our imagination, could not keep stable the walls. The arches act like filters, from one room to the other. We notice that the main beam divides the roofing into two pieces and seems to indicate us the path to follow. The way goes on throughout the exhibition without hitches, leaving us often speechless, guiding us onto the top of the surrounding walls, in a succession of spaces designed with masterly care. Image: Inner architecture of the museum The bells of the museum are designed to put alongside of the staircase in such a way that they seems like as they are perfectly positioned. Image: Bells of the castle vecchio museum By going to the sculpture of Can Grande della Scala and to the other art pieces exposed outside. We take the only possible way. It is 30 meters long and, in this space, we go on looking all around, keeping silence. While we are getting to the entrance, we perceive that something is changing, as if we are going higher. This sensation is due to the vegetation that lowers while we are moving on. Iron beams are provided by the Carlo scarpa in order to support the roof structure. The beam is a double structured and a single piece is also mounted on the upper side of these double structured beams in order to evenly distribute and lessen the load on every beam. Image: Beams of castle vecchio museum Element, material or facade came close up to or occupied with another, there required to be a retort, a thicken or tapering, or solidifying, a texture change or smoothing, an understanding of which constituent is in the superiority. The stairs are designed in such a way that there should be always a dim sunlight in order for proper visualization of the stairs. Thats why the Carlo Scarpa attached a holed window like pattern at the end of stairs. The stairs are made of red sandstone on the surface and black stone commonly known as granite on the side surfaces, For the purpose of better outfit and looking and polishing. Image: Stairs of castle vecchio museum The doors of castle vecchio museum made in such a way that they consist of double gates at each and every gate among them one is made of glass and the other is made of wood with rectangular blank holes provided in it. The gates are designed by keeping in mind the requirements of both better looking as well as security of the museum. Because of security purpose the wooden gates are provided with a high thickness level. Image: Gates of castle Vecchio museum The design was continually aiming to create a private experience between the viewer and the object, where the object is offered up as if in an outstretched hand, to facilitate a very personal interaction. We can see this in his earlier work at the Gallerie dellAccademia in Venice, where he experimented with alternatives to the wall and the plinth and first introduced the beautifully detailed display easel. Scarpa was constantly reinforcing the importance of the object in the way he displayed it, maximizing its own intrinsic worth from the fixtures supporting the objects to the contrasting colored felts adjacent some of the paintings. Each work of art is displayed with fine distinction and sensitivity. In the ground-floor sculpture galleries he formed a five-room enfilade, drawing visitors through each aperture with the use of large, thick, textured slabs of stone that clad the archways to create a more human scale to the dimensions of the passageway, matched to the spring line of the arches. As you walk through towards the first gallery from the museum entrance, you step onto a small hollow ramp that is rather like a drawbridge, a contrasting element to a raised solid gallery floor. Everything is considered. In each of the somewhat asymmetric galleries, he has pulled the floor away from the obstruction to set up his own geometrical lattice and used irregular bands of concrete and stone, set at various widths to suit the displays. As horizontals, running across the gallery floor, they purposely slow you down on your way through, and set up a fresh controlled dynamic for the objects to function within. Sometimes Carlo Scarpa worked with the floor banding in the design of the displays, sometimes across them. At the walls, he carefully wrapped the stone edge of the new layer of floor into the recessed channel as if to embed it, so that it didnt appear as if the new surface had just been dropped in randomly. The sacellum, which protrudes from slightly inside the gallery into the courtyard, shows the depth of thinking behind the design. It clearly reads as a new intervention and feels like stepping into a polished plaster box, with rich red floor covering used to suit the more cherished dimensions of the space. The display of each object is meticulously considered. The leg of the nearest present cabinet, for example, is not allowed to come down arbitrarily onto the floor, but instead Scarpa positioned it so that it suited the section of the floor and was clearly part of the new layer of involvement he was creating at Castel vecchio museum. Visual material: - Image: castle vecchio museum outer look Image: View from top side of castle vecchio museum Image: Inner beam supporting and stair visualization References: - A welsh folk museum: st. Fagans castle In-text: (A Welsh Folk Museum: St. Fagans Castle, 1946) Bibliography: A Welsh Folk Museum: St. Fagans Castle. (1946). Nature, 158(4022), pp.783-784. ALEXANDER, C. An Attic Relief from Lowther Castle In-text: (Alexander, 1949) Bibliography: Alexander, C. (1949). An Attic Relief from Lowther Castle. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 7(6), p.162. BERGSTRM, C. M. Skokloster Castle - one of the worlds foremost Baroque museums In-text: (Bergstrm, 2001) Bibliography: Bergstrm, C. (2001). Skokloster Castle - one of the worlds foremost Baroque museums. Museum International, 53(2), pp.36-40. BRUCE-MITFORD, R. L. S. The Castle Eden Vase In-text: (Bruce-Mitford, 1941) Bibliography: Bruce-Mitford, R. (1941). The Castle Eden Vase. The British Museum Quarterly, 15, p.73. BRUNO, A. Rivoli - a castle for contemporary art In-text: (Bruno, 1986) Bibliography: Bruno, A. (1986). Rivoli - a castle for contemporary art. Museum International, 38(1), pp.4-8. CARTER, J., CASTLE, C. AND SOREN, B. Taking stock: museum studies and museum practices in Canada In-text: (Carter, Castle and Soren, 2011) Bibliography: Carter, J., Castle, C. and Soren, B. (2011). Taking stock: museum studies and museum practices in Canada. Museum Management and Curatorship, 26(5), pp.415-420. CASTLE, M. Blending Pedagogy and Content: A New Curriculum for Museum Teachers In-text: (Castle, 2006) Bibliography: Castle, M. (2006). Blending Pedagogy and Content: A New Curriculum for Museum Teachers. Journal of Museum Education, 31(2), pp.123-132. FLOWER, R. The Wyatts of Allington Castle In-text: (Flower, 1935) Bibliography: Flower, R. (1935). The Wyatts of Allington Castle. The British Museum Quarterly, 9(4), p.117. GRABOWSKA, J. The exhibition of amber in the Malbork Castle Museum In-text: (Grabowska, 1966) Bibliography: Grabowska, J. (1966). The exhibition of amber in the Malbork Castle Museum. Museum International, 19(2), pp.125-128. HISTORICAL MUSEUM IN CAPE COAST CASTLE In-text: (Historical Museum in Cape Coast Castle, 1971) Bibliography: Historical Museum in Cape Coast Castle. (1971). Africa, 41(02), p.160. IOANNIDES, M. Progress in cultural heritage preservation In-text: (Ioannides, 2012) Bibliography: Ioannides, M. (2012). Progress in cultural heritage preservation. Heidelberg: Springer. KRAUEL, J. AND OCKRASSA, A. New concepts in renovating In-text: (Krauel and Ockrassa, 2005) Bibliography: Krauel, J. and Ockrassa, A. (2005). New concepts in renovating. Singapore: Page One. KRCALOV, J. The Prague Castle Picture Gallery In-text: (Krcalov, 1966) Bibliography: Krcalov, J. (1966). The Prague Castle Picture Gallery. Museum International, 19(1), pp.31-38. MCLAUGHLIN, C. Rethinking Visual Anthropology:Rethinking Visual Anthropology In-text: (Mclaughlin, 1999) Bibliography: Mclaughlin, C. (1999). Rethinking Visual Anthropology:Rethinking Visual Anthropology. Museum Anthropology, 22(3), pp.71-73.

Trip to Bowers Museum Essay Example For Students

Trip to Bowers Museum Essay My first experience to the Bowers Museum on Wednesday January 14, 2015 has been an inspiring and enlightening visit. The sculptures on the anterior of the museum in the â€Å"Sculpture Garden† were exquisite, including the water fountains aligned in a row making it a serene environment. The front lobby lady was very informative and showed me a map of where everything is located, as well as the security guard there who said if I needed anything to let him know. Although I was having a difficult time walking through the museum, because I am in a medical walking boot from a broken foot. We will write a custom essay on Trip to Bowers Museum specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I pleasantly was inspired by every piece of artwork and artifacts I saw. I enjoyed gazing at the incredible Mandala artwork in the Leo Friedman Foundation Galleria, each one was with precision. I visited the gift shop which is directly across from the Tangata Restaurant; the gift shop offered a variety of wonderful products. They have everything from ancient history to present day. I was a little disappointed because they had a few places that were closed off due to maintenance and I couldnt view much in the museum. I heard much great hype about Bowers Museum, and since I have never been here before I thought I would give it a try. I was surprised how small the museum was, some exhibit rooms were small compared to other exhibits. For instance, the California Legacies: Missions and Ranchos, First Californians and Pre-Columbian Ceramics rooms were small with beautiful findings but not many. I think if they didn’t close off a few places in the museum, I would have enjoyed more of what they have to offer. The first room I saw when I walked in the museum is called the Spirits and Headhunters: Art of the Pacific Islands, in this room were masterworks from cultural regions of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. Mostly focused on New Guinea, land of the headhunter and the artistic traditions into daily and ritual life. There were larger than life masks, finely crafted feast bowls, Sepik River men’s house, shell and feather currency, tools of the shaman, weapons of warfare and hum trophies taken in retribution. The Wasekaseka Necklace from Fiji, Polynesia made from Sperm whale tooth and fiber was one of my favorite things I saw there. Pacific Islanders wore this necklace as a symbol of honor, wealth and power. These were people of high-status individuals who in many cases received them as gratitude for an alliance or for their political support or as a token of solidarity. It was extremely rare to obtain a whale beached on shore in the 18th century. I was surprised to find this out because I received a replica of a wasekaseka from a friend of mine who is Samoan. The next exhibit I came across was a room with ancient horses, the Stirrups of the Heian Period, 794-1185 AD in Japan made of iron and lacquered wood was interesting. I am Japanese and this was something new to me, these stirrups but also known as abumi, and the Japanese abumis appear rather unwieldy, but would have represented a great leap forward for the mounted samurai. The slipper style of stirrup is visible on the small incense burner in the form of a horse. I knew the samurai’s been speedy and could control their weapons while on the horses. But I never knew that it was because of their slipper style stirrups. The next exhibit I saw were West Mexican Ceramics which included one that I particularly enjoyed one piece because I am a dog lover, the Comala Phase. Colima, West Mexico from 200 BC – A. D. 300 made from fired clay. The people of Colima created pottery vessels in the form of a small breed of dog called Xoloitzcuintli, commonly known as the Mexican hairless. It is believed that often the dogs were fattened to be eaten at ritual feasts if they were not being used as watch dogs. Following this exhibit I saw some artifacts in a glass called The First Californians, there were exquisite findings in here. Some findings I saw were basketry hat from the Gabrielino culture 19th century, Gabrielino is the Spanish name for the tribe. The Spanish named the so-called Mission Indians after the nearest Catholic mission. Gabrielino’s are known for their native basket weaving and soapstone carving. Unfinished soapstone sucking tube from the channel island culture 250-1700 A. D. which was used to make items of jewelry, religious objects as well as everyday utilitarian artifacts. .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 , .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 .postImageUrl , .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 , .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384:hover , .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384:visited , .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384:active { border:0!important; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384:active , .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384 .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u119d0182b4fde748db03d7babdaf8384:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Study on Customer Satisfaction with Pantaloons EssayThe tube was intended to be a shaman’s healing tube used to suck diseases from a patient. There was also rock crystals from the channel island culture from 250-1600 A. D. I now understand why my aunt collected so many rock crystals because of their meaning. The first exhibit I saw was in the California Legacies: Missions and Ranchos room. The design of the exhibit and the history behind each piece was properly explained. When I walked through the room, an experienced docent summarized a handful of pieces to me regarding what era and who the artifacts belonged to and how it was used. On the right side of this room, closer to the middle against the wall, I came across the first artifact that got my attention. The first artifact was called a â€Å"Mission Indians dispatch pouch† from 1780-1820. This dispatch pouch is handmade with leather and California black bear fur. These dispatch pouches were used to carry messages from one mission station to another by Native American runners. The Native American runners were chosen by the mission padres for their speed and stamina. To be the bearer of religious doctrine was considered a great honor. Many native peoples who converted to Christianity became known as â€Å"Mission Indians† in spite of their tribal affiliation. The Mission Indians is a term for indigenous peoples of California, living in coastal plains, adjacent inland valleys and mountains and on the Channel Islands in central and southern California. These tribes established peaceful cultures from 250 to 8,000 years before Spanish contact. In 1769 the Spanish Franciscan mission was built in San Diego and local tribes were relocated and conscripted into forced labor on the mission from San Diego to San Francisco. Many of these tribes died from diseases, starvation, over work and torture. Quite many of the tribes were forcibly converted and baptized as Roman Catholics by the Franciscan missionaries at the missions. The tribes represented were, Pomo, Hupa, Yokuts, Miwok, Maidu, Wintun, Shasta, Karok, Yurik, Costanoan, Salinan, Chumash, Cahuilla, Chemehuevi, Panamint and Mono. The next piece that caught my attention was the cornerstone from grijalva adobe, which is located in the Missions and Ranchos room towards the middle of the room. This cornerstone is from 1800 and was the first adobe building and the first secular building in Orange County outside the limits of Mission San Juan Capistrano. Don Juan Pablo Grijalva was a soldier, settler, rancher and pioneer who came to California with the Anza expedition in 1775. During that time there were only five missions, two presidios and a single Rancho of 120 square yards. Don Juan Pablo Grijalva created the first Rancho in what became Orange County. Juan Pablo Grijalva was second corporal of the Presidio Terrenate when appointed by Juan Bautista de Anza as Sergeant of the Expedition to Alta California. Just outside of the Missions and Ranchos room, I saw a fireplace with a Comal hanging from the left side of it. This â€Å"Comal† is significant to our history by Don Juan Forster c. 1830. The word Comal comes from the Aztecs culture that was located in Mexico. The purpose of the Comal is well known in their cultures of the making of tortillas, the frying of different kinds of meats and to toast coffee and cacao bean. Although many textbooks do not talk about Don Juan Forster, he is an important person to know about. Many people in the 1800’s used Comal’s or some type similar to cook their meals on in their daily lives. John (Don Juan) Forster became a Mexican citizen of early California and was one of the largest landowners in California. The Mexican government appointed Forster captain of the port of San Pedro in March of 1843. Forster and brother in-law of both the California governor Pio Pico and the commander of the insurgents determined that the pragmatic thing to do was to offer assistance to the Americans in the Mexican-American War. The California Gold Rush created a demand for southern California cattle, and Forster profited by supplying that demand. Dav14] The next finding I saw was the model of the Diamond Tally-Ho Stage Coach from 1870, made from wood, iron, leather, chain and cloth. The Tally-ho coach would run between San Diego and Julian carrying mail and passengers. During that era, people needed to find a ways of transportation and by all means the people would take the tally-ho stage coach, or other means of transportation. I then walked down the hallway and saw a wells fargo stro ng box from 1855, made from wood, iron, leather and chain. The safe transfer of money was necessary for the building of the new American cities. .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a , .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a .postImageUrl , .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a , .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a:hover , .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a:visited , .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a:active { border:0!important; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a:active , .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua32e91df11203a86e18b65779c7b535a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Tempest: Caliban EssayThis gave the new settlers a sense of security. From 1855 through 1866, Wells Fargo expanded rapidly, becoming the West’s all-purpose business, communications and transportation agent. Wells Fargo’s company developed its own stagecoach business and participated in the Pony Express. I also thought the Mexican Brandy Still was interesting. The still belonged to Don Juan Forster from 1776-1831 made from copper. Don Juan Forster purchased the brandy still during one of his sea voyages. Don Juan had a reputation for producing fine liquors and his wine could not be surpassed. Brandy was manufactured by the missions and early rancheros for exchange with foreign traders. Brandy and alcoholic liquor distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice, was frequently used as a medicinal or curative liquid. The main interest in the room was the statue of Saint Anthony of Padua from 1800. Saint Anthony of Padua was also known as Anthony of Lisbon, he was a Portuguese Catholic Priest and friar of the Franciscan Order. Saint Anthony was noted by his contemporaries for his forceful preaching and expert knowledge of scripture and the patron saint of finding things or lost people. He was the second-most-quickly canonized saint after Peter of Verona. He was also proclaimed a Doctor of the Church January 1946. St. Anthony became a Franciscan in the hope of shedding his own blood and becoming a martyr. St. Anthony is called the Hammer of the Heretics, his great protection against their lies and deceits in the matter of Christian doctrine was to utter, simply and innocently, the Holy Name of Mary. St. Anthony wanted to profess the Catholic Faith with his mind and his heart at every moment and time. St. Anthony served as envoy from the general chapter to Pope Gregory IX, his preaching at the Papal court was hailed as a â€Å"jewel case of the Bible† and he was commissioned to produce his collection of sermons. In 1691 Spanish missionaries came across a small Payaya Indian community along what was then known as the Yanaguana River on the feast day of Saint Anthony, June 13. Throughout our history, religion was the utmost main concern. Between 1780 and 1850 had been characterized by John Bossy as representing the ‘birth of a denomination’ for Catholicism. There were about 80,000 Catholics in England in 1770; by 1850 this had multiplied ten times to about three quarters of a million. Catholicism developed in areas where it had been barren since the Reformation. Especially in the early years, religion caused separation of beliefs from state to state. There was a lot of doubt between each religion, which caused quite a few arguments. People will always look for another way of finding out a solution and if they can’t come up with one or they tried everything in their power and failed, then they would look to a higher power for guidance.

Using a Gmat Analytical Writing Sample

Using a Gmat Analytical Writing SampleThe use of a Gmat analytical writing sample essay can help you achieve your personal and professional goals. Whether you are writing to submit for an online Gmat test or you are writing for any other reason, the Gmat analytic writing sample can help you get the feedback that you need. Analytical writing is not a new concept. Many have used it in the past and you can find plenty of Gmat essays out there that focus on analysis.Analytical writing focuses on questions and answers and has questions and answers. It can also be formal and it can be informal. In general, it is more formal than informal and it is usually taught in college classes as a style of writing.Analytical writing can be challenging for many people to write because they are unfamiliar with grammar and punctuation. For the casual writer, this can be a challenge to get through. However, with the use of a Gmat analytical writing sample, you can overcome this as you learn to make good u se of the analytical writing style.Analytical writing is concerned with questions and answers. It does not use questions and answers to advance the argument of the essay. An analytical essay is not very long; in fact, it is shorter than an academic paper. You should always try to avoid having too many words in your essay.Analytical writing also stresses on results. It does not discuss a topic from a subjective standpoint. Many people use analytical writing to try to justify a position, to show a flaw in a theory, to argue for a point, to support a thesis, to show a contradiction, or to attempt to prove something. Analytical writing is a style of writing that encourages an argument, but uses words and phrases to support it.Analytical writing also has a tendency to use double-negative language and word placement. Double negatives refer to words that have negative connotations but are placed at the end of the sentence. Double positive words refer to words that do not mean anything in t he present tense but do mean something in the past tense.Analytical writing is an approach to writing that emphasizes the ideas, while avoiding the body of the essay. Analytical writing can be especially helpful when trying to answer a question with a little bit of research. Analytical writing is certainly a style of writing that can help you succeed in your personal and professional goals.

Peacock Facts (Pavo sp. and Afropavo sp.)

Peacock Facts (Pavo sp. and Afropavo sp.) Peacocks are birds known for their showy plumage and piercing calls. While both males and females are often called peacocks, really only the male is the peacock. The female is a peahen, while the young are peachicks. Collectively, they are properly known as peafowl. Fast Facts: Peacock Scientific Name: Pavo cristatus; Pavo muticus; Afropavo congensisCommon Names: Peacock, Indian peacock, blue peafowl, green peafowl, Java peafowl, African peacock, Congo peafowl, mbuluBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: 3.0-7.5 feetWeight: 6-13 poundsLifespan: 15-20 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Forests of India, Southeast Asia, and Congo Basin of AfricaPopulation: ThousandsConservation Status: Least Concern to Endangered (depending on species) Species Peafowl belong to the pheasant family (Phasianidae). The three genera are Pavo cristatus, the Indian or blue peacock; Pavo muticus, the Java or green peafowl; and Afropavo congensis, the African peafowl or mbulu. There are also subspecies of green peafowl. The male green peafowl and female Indian peafowl can mate to produce a fertile hybrid called a spalding. Description Peacocks are easily identified by their fan-like crest of feathers and long train of colorful eye-spot feathers. Male birds have spurs on their legs which they use for territorial disputes with other males. While peahens have a feathered crest, they lack the elaborate train. Both males and females have iridescent feathers. Actually, the feathers are brown, but crystalline structures produce vibrant blue, green, and gold colors by the scattering and interference of light. The body of the blue peacock appears blue, while the body of the green peacock appears green. The African peacock is a darker blue-green and brown. Chicks bear cryptic coloring in shades of tan and brown that help them blend in with their environment. Both males and females are large birds, but males are about twice the length of females because of their feather train. On average, adults range from three to over seven feet from beak to tail tip. They weigh between six and thirteen pounds. African or Congo peafowl have shorter trains the green or blue peafowl. Stan Osolinski, Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Originally, the Indian peacock came from the Indian subcontinent. Now it is widely distributed across South Asia. Green peafowl live in Southeast Asia, including China, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Java. The African peacock is native to the Congo Basin. The three peafowl species do not naturally overlap ranges. All three species prefer forested habitats. Diet and Behavior Like other pheasants, peafowl are omnivorous, basically eating anything that fits in their beaks. They eat fruits, insects, crops, garden plants, seeds, insects, small mammals, and small reptiles. At night, peacocks fly to tree branches to roost in family units. Reproduction and Offspring The breeding season is variable and depends largely on rain. Males fan their feathers to attract a mate. A female may select a mate based on several factors, which include the visual display, its low-frequency vibration (picked up by the females crest feathers), or the males call. A blue peacock has a harem of two to three peahens, while green and African peafowl tend to be monogamous. After mating, the female scrapes a shallow nest in the ground and lays between four and eight buff-colored eggs. She incubates the eggs, which hatch after 28 days. Only the female cares for the chicks, which follow her around or may be carried on her back when she flies to roost. Peafowl reach sexual maturity at two to three years of age. In the wild, they live between 15 and 20 years, but they may live 30 years in captivity. Green peahen with chicks. Ronald Leunis / EyeEm, Getty Images Conservation Status Peafowl conservation status depends on species. The IUCN classifies the conservation status of the Indian peacock as least concern. The bird enjoys wide distribution across Southeast Asia, with a wild population over 100,000. The IUCN lists the Congo peafowl as vulnerable and decreasing in population. In 2016, the number of mature birds was estimated to range between 2,500 and 10,000. The green peafowl is endangered. Fewer than 20,000 mature birds remain in the wild, with a decreasing population. Threats Peacocks face numerous threats, including habitat loss and degradation, hunting, poaching and predation. Green peacocks are further endangered by introduction of hybrid birds into wild populations. Peafowl and Humans Blue peacocks are agricultural pests in some regions. Peafowl readily breed in captivity. They are most often kept for the beauty and their feathers and sometimes for meat. Peacock feathers are collected after the male molts each year. While peafowl are affectionate toward their owners, they can be aggressive toward strangers. Sources BirdLife International 2016. Afropavo congensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679430A92814166. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679430A92814166.enBirdLife International 2016. Pavo cristatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679435A92814454. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679435A92814454.enBirdLife International 2018. Pavo muticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22679440A131749282. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679440A131749282.enGrimmett, R.; Inskipp, C.; Inskipp, T. Birds of India: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-691-04910-6.  Johnsgard, P.A. The Pheasants of the World: Biology and Natural History. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 374, 1999. ISBN 1-56098-839-8.

Treating Jellyfish and Man-O-War Stings

Treating Jellyfish and Man-O-War Stings Its beach weather! The ocean is full of fun, but its also full of wildlife, including jellyfish. Do you know what to do if you or someone with you sees a jellyfish or is stung by one? You should know the answer to these questions before you go to the beach since an encounter with a jellyfish can be a painful or possibly lethal experience. As a matter of practical chemistry, your biggest risk from a jellyfish or man of war sting may come from improper first aid intended to deal with the venom, so pay attention...Question: What should you do if you see a jellyfish?Best Answer: Leave it alone.If its in the water, get away from it. If its on the beach and you need to walk around it, walk above it (dune side) rather than below it (surf side), since it may be trailing tentacles. Keep in mind a jellyfish does not need to be alive in order to sting you. Detached tentacles are capable of stinging and releasing venom for several weeks.My Actual Answer: It depends on what kind of jellyfish it i s.I realize if it looks like floating jelly, its considered a jellyfish, but there are different types of jellyfish and also animals that look like jellyfish but are something else entirely. Not all jellyfish can hurt you. The jellyball pictured above, for example, is common off the coast of South Carolina, where I live. What do you do when you see one? If you are a kid, youll probably pick it up and throw it at another kid (unless its alive and then you avoid it because they kind of hurt when the waves throw one at you). This is a non-venomous jellyfish. Most parts of the world have non-venomous jellyfish, which tend to be easy-to-spot. Its the jellyfish you dont see that present the biggest threat. Many jellyfish are transparent. You probably wont see them in the water, so if you are stung you wont know exactly what got you. If you see a jellyfish and dont know what type it is, treat it like a venomous species and get away from it.Question: How do I treat a jellyfish sting?Answer: Act quickly and calmly to remove the tentacles, stop the stinging, and deactivate any toxin.Here is where people get confused because the best steps to take depend on what type of animal cau sed the sting. Heres a good basic strategy, especially if you dont know what caused the sting: Get out of the water. Its easier to deal with the sting and it takes drowning out of the equation.Rinse the affected area with sea water. Do not use fresh water! Fresh water will cause any stinging cells that havent fired (called nematocysts) to do so and release their venom, possibly worsening the situation. Do not rub sand on the area (same reason).If you see any tentacles, carefully lift them off the skin and remove them with a stick, shell, credit card, or towel (just not your bare hand). They will stick to swimwear, so use caution touching clothing.Keep an eye on the victim. If you see any signs of an allergic reaction, call 911 immediately. Symptoms could include difficulty breathing, nausea, or dizziness. Some redness and swelling is normal, but if it spreads outward from the sting or if you see hives on other parts of the body, that could indicate an allergic response. If you suspect a reaction, do not hesitate to seek medical attention!Now... if you are sure the sting is fro m a jellyfish and not a Portuguese Man of War (shown below, the Man of War is not a true jellyfish) or any other animal, you can use chemistry to your advantage to inactivate the toxin, which is a protein. (Technically the venom tends to be a mixture of polypeptides and proteins including catecholamines, histamine, hyaluronidase, fibrolysins, kinins, phospholipases, and assorted toxins). How do you inactivate proteins? You can change the temperature or acidity by applying heat or an acid or base, such as vinegar or baking soda or diluted ammonia, or even an enzyme, such as the papain found in papaya and meat tenderizer. However, chemicals may cause the stinging cells to fire, which is bad news for someone allergic to jellyfish toxin or anyone stung by a Portuguese Man of War. If you do not know what caused the sting or if you suspect it is from a Man of War, do not apply fresh water or any chemical. Your best course of action is to apply heat to the affected area since it penetrates the skin and inactivates the toxin without causing more venom to be injected. Also, heat quickly helps alleviate the pain of the sting. Hot seawater is great, but if you dont have that handy, use any warmed object. Some people carry aloe vera gel, Benadryl cream, or hydrocortisone cream. Im not sure how effective the aloe is, but Benadryl is an antihistamine, which may help limit an allergic response to the sting. Hydrocortisone can help reduce inflammation. If you seek medical attention and used Benadryl or hydrocortisone, be sure to alert the medical professionals. Acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen commonly are used to relieve pain.The Portuguese Man of War (Physalia physalis) looks a lot like a jellyfish, but it is a different animal. While the blue or pink sail cannot harm you, the trailing tentacles pack a potentially-lethal sting. The tentacles can sting you even if the animal is dead.