The Act of surveillance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 759 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/14 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Surveillance Essay Did you like this example? The Act also established a surveillance system for assessing 9 prevalence of pneumoconiosis among underground coal miners, but this surveillance does not extend to surface coal miners. A study by CDC suggests that surface coal mine operators should monitor worker exposures closely to ensure that both respirable dust and silica are below recommended levels to prevent CWP15 . Clinicians should be aware of the risk for advanced pneumoconiosis among surface coal miners, in addition to underground coal miners, to facilitate prompt disease identification and intervention15 . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Act of surveillance" essay for you Create order Additionally, NIOSH recommends that surface coal miners be included in periodic health surveillance that is similar to that conducted for underground miners15 . To prevent CWP in surface miners, operations should use effective dust monitoring and control methods to reduce respiratory hazards and emphasize the risk for advanced pneumoconiosis in worker training. CDCs National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends that surface coal miners be included in periodic health surveillance15 . Enforcement strategies are not yet clear from the available documents. The development of a Green Permit system by numerous states and best management practices based on credible environmental management systems are potential applications for the mining industry17 . The permitting process is an increasing burden and cost to mining companies. A surface coal mining permit issued under the authority of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) -OSM has granted the WVDEP primary authority to administer the surface mining regulatory program in the state. Three other permits (approvals) issued under the authority of the Clean Water Act ( CWA): Section 402 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit for discharges from sediment control ponds and other drainage structures; a Section401 water quality certification from the state, assuring that the federal permits will not cause a violation of the states water quality standards; and Section 404 permit for discharge of fill material in streams. Four federal agencies and one state agency have primary responsibility for mountain top mining operations: the Fish and Wild life Service (FWS), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Surface Mining (OSM), US Army Corps of Engineers, and the West Virginia Division of Environmental Protection (WVDEP). Risk Communication Although the risks associated with coal dust is known and well documented, and policies are developed in response, it yet to be known if all these are well communicated through a suitable channel to those who need them the most. Without good communication, behavior change necessary to re duce exposure may be difficult. In communicating the risk of coal mine dust, all stakeholders should be involved, not just the coal mine workers, but owners of mine companies, health service providers and even the communities too. This suggestion is similar to the conclusion of the CDC study15 which recommended that clinicians and miners should be aware of the risk for Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis (CWP) and Progressive Massive Fibrosis (PMF) in surface coal mines as well as underground minesto facilitate prompt disease identification and preventive interventions.15 Inadequacies in the mandated coal mine dust regulations; failure to comply with or adequately enforce those regulations3 ; lack of disease 10 prevention innovations to accommodate changes in mining practices (e.g., thin-seam mining); and missed opportunities by miners to be screened for early disease and take action to reduce dust exposures3 . Further explanations, noted in other reports included longer hours being worked by todays coal miners3 ; excessiv e exposure to crystalline silica, perhaps associated with the mining of thinner seams of coal3 ; and lack of resources for dust control and miner/operator education, particularly in smaller mines3 are all management concerns in the control of CWP among miners in the Appalachia. Although coal mine workers are the focus of this write up, the community are also nervous that the increase on CWP cases may also mean an impending doom for their own health. The ensuing litigation and public controversy underlined the importance of communication between the coal industry and its primary stakeholders: employees and the community. Many of the comments at the public hearings conducted in connection with the Governors task force and federal agency EIS indicated that the public did not feel included in the development of public policy regarding mountain top mining17 . Industry comments indicated that the public may have misperceived many of the engineering and economic constraints faced by the mi ning industry. Summary and conclusions: The current response to coal dust exposure limit is not sufficient. A tighter coal exposure limit has been proposed by MSHA but not yet effective. Added to this, there should be improved but feasible engineering controls which would create more effective barrier between miners and coal dust during mining process.

Population Pyramid Of The Past History Essay - 1351 Words

Question 2 (b): Struggland is a less developed country, and from the population pyramid above I am able to tell you about the past, present (currently shown), and future of this country. If I were to project the population pyramid of the past history of Struggland, it would look similar to what it does now. You can tell because if you look at the middle and top ranges of this graph, it makes an even smaller pyramid: therefore one can assume that this developmental pattern continues as the time rewinds, having the smallest percent of populations for the oldest ages and the biggest percent at the age of kids. This ‘pyramid’ structure that makes up the past and present population pyramids of Struggland is common among less developed countries because economy of LCD’s relies on farming. To maintain a farm one needs workers which are very expensive. By having large families, they can have their children work for free them. These large families lead to the pyramid shown, because the re are many people making up the age of the kids, with fewer as the age ranges increase. The estimated Future of Struggland looks more like a tall house or a rectangle with a smaller triangle on top. As Struggland develops and moves its way through the stages of the demographic transition, its economy will change. Instead of being based off of farming, it will advance to more industrial jobs because of the industrial revolution (or advancement of technology). Families that are moving theirShow MoreRelatedArchitecture, Belief Systems, And Societal Structure957 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding architecture, belief systems, and societal structure. Egypt is a country ripe with history and rich culture, from their towering pyramids to their modern day society. Intricately crafted obelisks and tombs decorate the landscape, but how much of that is being preserved? The study and preservation of past culture can heavily influence and educate the present. It is important to learn about the pa st in order to evolve and create a better future. While change can be beneficial, it is importantRead MoreEgyptian Lifestyle, Civilization, Religious Beliefs, Authority, Language, And Overall Information About The Pyramids1336 Words   |  6 Pagesstanding to this day. As one of the wonders of the world these ancient pyramids served as the foundation for the people during this civilization. The Great Pyramid of Giza is also known as the Pyramid of Khufu, Pyramid of Cheops, or Khufu s Pyramid. This pyramid alone is the oldest and the tallest of the three standing on the Giza Necropolis. It stands 15 1/2 miles outside the city of Cairo, Egypt. 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Like most countries that have completed the demographic transitionRead MoreHow Did Astronomy Affect Early Egypt?1537 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially intelligent in agriculture and infrastructure. They had pyramids and temples, that were places of worship and used for religious matter. Basic buildings that were used for things like banking and irrigations systems used to control flooding. The Egyptians were able to adjust and modify to their natural surroundings as well. By predicting the flood of the Nile River, they were able to stimulate agriculture and maintain their population. They were also pioneers in a number of new technologies; someRead MoreHuman Evolution Of Human History879 Words   |  4 PagesThe beginning of human history, is no longer a gray area on the behalf of historians, scientist and perhaps geologist. Many specialized in their respectful field. Move toward together to get a world view of human life. 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Saudi Arabian Economy Free Essays

Saudi Arabia is the largest Arab nation in Middle East Asia; Saudi Arabia has a population of more than 28 million and has an area of approximately 830,000 square miles. And has an oil-based economy with strong government control over major economic activities. Saudi Arabia possesses townie five percent of the world’s proven petroleum reserves. We will write a custom essay sample on Saudi Arabian Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Saudi government signed agreement with standard oil of California (socal), allowing the company to explore Saudi Arabia for oil after a long search for oil that lasted around four years without success, the first success came with the seventh drill site in Dammam city in 1938. The economy of Saudi Arabia, mainly for oil, and hard it has the largest oil reserves in the world, an estimated 264. 2 billion barrels. And occupies the first place as the largest producer and exporter of oil in the world, where it plays a leading role in the organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) to produce twenty nine percent of the total production of OPEC. In addition, the biggest turning point of the Saudi economy is Ghawar, it is by far the largest conventional oil field in the world and approximately sixty percent of all Saudi oil produced between 1948 and 2000 came from Ghawar and fourth largest reserves of natural gas, 240 trillion cubic feet, one third of this reserve is found in the Ghawar field. After explored the oil in Saudi Arabia, it become big change in the economic and government, focused on creation infrastructure, human resources development and non-oil economy, with the development of uplifting other economic activities such as handicrafts, mining and farming. For example, create and operation the cities of Jubal and Yanbu industrial create diversified economy and minimize rely on crude oil revenue Saudi Arabia economy is its response to the rapid economic variables on a global, regional and local levels Proof of this the successive jumps of the Kingdom in the standards world rankings year after year. And the kingdom occupies fourth rank in the â€Å"financial freedom† in the world rankings and has a tax system workbook ranked seventh in the world, one of the best tax systems to spur investment. It is one of the tony five largest economies in the world, which achieved a rank 24, and the largest economy in the Middle East and North Africa. How to cite Saudi Arabian Economy, Papers

Pop Up Stores Essay Example For Students

Pop Up Stores Essay INTRODUCTION At the beginning of the 21st century, retailing has experienced a significant change due to the increase of competition strategies. This report will illustrate the traditional concept of retailing and introduce three new kinds of retail forms and combinations that has emerged, which includes co-branding retailing, limited time only stores and retail entertainment in the global market. RETAILING Retail, in the traditional sense includes all the activities in selling goods or services directly to final consumers for personal and non-business use. This includes any organisation selling to final consumers, whether it is a manufacturer, wholesaler or retailer. (Kotler. P, et al 2009) The major types of retailer we are familiar with in todays society includes specialty stores which sells narrow product lines, example include The body shop. Department store, selling several product lines, this includes Myer, David Jones; Supermarket which sells large low-cost, low-margin, high-volume, self-service store designed to meet total needs for food and household products; convenience store, which are generally opened in residential areas for 24 hours a day seven days a week with limited line of high-turnover convenience products, famous example would be 7-eleven; Discount stores which offer standard of specialty merchandiese at low-price, low-margin, high-volume stores, an example includes BigW, Target; Off-price retailer that offers leftover goods, factory outlets, independent off-price retailers, an example includes Direct Factory Outlet (DFO); superstores, which occupies large selling space, which could be either category killers like Bunnings and Officeworks, or hypermarkets such as Carrerfour and Costco; lastly there is catalogue showroom where a broad selection of high-mar-up fast moving brand named goods are sold by cata logue at discount, with customers picking up the merchandise at the stores, an example includes the bike shop in the US. Retailers in the past have generally maintain its customers loyalty by offering better service than its competitors, trying to arrange a convenient location for shoppers and provide special assortments of goods to attract and offering store credit and secure their loyalty. This has changed due consumers becoming smarter shoppers, recognising more brands in the market especially with the use of internet and with many department stores cutting down on services. The internationalisation of the retailing industry remains in its infancy, and most leading players have considerable scope to expand their international operations, especially grocery retailers, as they often do not operate through franchises. The economic crisis in developed markets increases the need for many international retailers to become more present in emerging markets in the long term, in order to reduce their dependence on mature developed markets, although in the short term it has the effect of reducing their profits and their ability to invest abroad THE NEW RETAIL ENVIRONMENT Today retail environment has led retailers to either react and respond to the market, or risk the chance of going out of business. The following are retail developments that are changing how consumers purchase goods and services, and how manufacturers and retailers sells. Pop-Up stores Another form of new retail that has emerged successfully would be the limited-time-only stores, more commonly known as pop-up stores that started in 2003 where designer outlet Vacant open a store for one-month-only in major cities including New York, London, Tokyo, Shanghai, Paris and more. According to Trenchwatching (2004) their showcase was a range of one-off limited edition products and locations were sent through by email to members only before it opened. The concept of this was due to an increase in new products coming into the market and leaving. This lead businesses to consider using this method to promote brands, to launch any products, possibly reach seasonal shoppers for a few weeks in busy areas and most important of all, create Buzz. .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .postImageUrl , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:hover , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:visited , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:active { border:0!important; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:active , .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u173c5d9b7561c3f6c0e8614e37384b1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marketing the $100 Laptop EssayA common tendency for these pop-up stores would be generally its unannounced or only tells a few and let work of mouth spread amongst consumer, it quickly draws in the attention of the crowds and then would either disappear or mutating into something else (Retailtimes, 2007) The use of pop-up stores are not limited to just be used like this. Many businesses use pop-up store as a new retail form to increase awareness of their brand, build brand loyalty and even possibly used to research consumer behaviour and trend analysis. It can be used to test a new retail concept and venues in high-end locals, where the investment to construct and a retai l store would be prohibitively expensive without guarantees of success. This concept has become exceptionally popular with brands targeting the younger generations, creating the feeling of exclusiveness, and attracting the idea of here now, gone tomorrow (Retailtimes, 2007) Another benefit of pop up store is that its not only good for the tenants which can use the space at lower cost without the commitment of a long term lease, at the same time is good for the landlord as pop up stores fills in the vacancy allowing them more time to search for a more permanent tenant. The longer a retail space stays unoccupied, the more the perceived value of the space is reduced. therefore, by bringing in pop ups, the landlord can give the space a real point of difference. (The Age, 2006). According to Lisanti, T (2008), especially during the economic crisis, retail space is easily available and more affordable, as retail traffic in the US drop to 16. 7% in November of 2008. With this downturn across the world, a fundamental shift has occurred with consumer habits. Aggr essive retailers can gain long-term benefits using this attractive new retail format. Not only so, companies can use this to expand their business as retail rents fall and properties become readily available. (new concept of retailing) UNIQLO AND eBAY The two examples that would be discussed in regards to pop up stores would be Uniqlo and Ebay. Uniqlo, a Japanese low cost casual wear company delivered pop-up stores constructed from ships cargo container to various locations in Manhattan and went on for over eight weeks. The exterior of the container stores is made from metal and inside fitted with shelves. These cargo containers which were delivered straight from Tokyo was transported from the pier, lifted by cranes and placed in streets throughout New York. This had the effect of sending New Yorkers a clear literal message, that’s they were literally coming from Tokyo to New York(Gogoi, p, 2007) Their target market for this retail would have been focused on people living within the area. EBAY opened its first pop-up store in the holiday seasons of Manhattan in late 2009, using it as a way to boost sales online. As store-based retailers improve their online offer and exploit the benefits of a store network to the full, internet specialists had to take the benefit by developing a physical presence. (global retail, new concept pg 23) Although the merchandises on display were non-purchasable, computer terminals were set up in order for consumers to bid. As with other retailers, eBay has taken an impact to the recession and is seeking for consumers to come back and spend more money. http://abclocal. go. com/wabc/story? section=news/consumer=7134375 The location that was used by ebay also preciously featured other pop-up stores such as diet coke, Fortunoff, Bulgari and Coach. The landlord of the site in 3 West 57th Street Manhattan is seen to be earning an estimate of $5 million in annual rent(Curan, C 2009). There are even real estate websites that promote the concept of pop-up marketing, providing tenant short term leases with potential pop-up sites and stating out the prices and availability of the space (popupinsider, 2010)